DYES AND DYEING 



DYES AND DYEING 



269 



"In 1742, George Lucas, governor of Antigua, sent the 

 first seeds of the indigo plant to Carolina, to his daughter. 

 Miss Eliza Lucas (afterwards the mother of Charles Cotes- 

 worth Pinckney). With much perseverance, after several 

 disappointments, she succeeded in growing the plant and 

 extracting the indigo from it. Parliament shortly after 

 placed a bounty on the production of indigo in British 

 possessions, and this crop attained a rapid development in 

 Carolina. In 1754, 216,924 pounds and, in 1777, 1,107,660 

 pounds were produced. But the war with the mother 

 country, the competition of indigo-culture in the East 

 Indies, the unpleasant odor emitted and the swarms of 

 flies attracted by the fermentation of the weeds in the 

 vats, and above all the absorbing interest in the cotton 

 crop, caused the rapid decline of its culture, and in the 

 early part of this century it had ceased to be a staple 

 product, although it was in cultivation in remote places as 

 late as 1848." (From "South Carolina," by Harry Ham- 

 mond.) 



Jackwood, or jack fruit of Ceylon : Artoearpus integ- 

 rifolia. Alumina lake, yellow. 



Kamala, or kameela, ramelas, rottlera: Eehinui 

 Philippinensis (Rottlera tinctoria). Red powder. 



Kermes berries, or portugal berries, poke berries, 

 pigeon berries, sooke berries : Phytolacca Americana 

 {Phytolacca deeandra). Reddish. 



Kermes, or false kermes berries, graines de kermes, 

 vermilion vegetal : Coccus ilicis (dned bodies of the 

 female insect). Solutions and lakes, blood red. 



Kino : Pterocarpus Marsupium, Butea frondosa, B. 

 superba, and varieties. Eucalyptus corymbosa. Red color. 



Lac-dye, or lac-lac : Coccus laccw (from the female 

 insect). Colors similar to cochineal. 



Lapacho, or taigu wood : Tecoma Lapacho and allied 

 species. Yellow color. 



Lima wood, or Costa Rica redwood : Similar to St. 

 Martha wood. See under Redwoods. 



Liquorice : Glycyrrhiza glabra. Brown. 



Litmus, or tournesol : Eocella, Lecanora, Variolaria 

 (lichens). Red and blue. Used as an indicator by chemists; 

 acids change the blue to red, and alkalies the red to 

 blue. 



Logwood, or Campechy wood, Blauholz : Hwmatoxylum 



Campechianum. The unfermented extract forms yellow 

 solutions if neutral, and blue precipitate with calcare- 

 ous water. The unfermented solution contains chiefly 

 a glucoside which, on fermentation, yields hematoxylin, 

 and the latter is easily oxidized to hsematein. Various 



Fij. 373. Indigo (Indigotera Anil), fonnerly grown in the 

 South, and still cultivated in India. 



Fig. 374. Madder (Bnbia Hnctorum). a and 6 and their op- 

 posites are probably not true leaves but large leaf-like 

 stipules; the leaves of R. tinctorum are opposite. Former 

 source of the Turkey red dye. 



colored lakes are formed. H»matoxylin forms rose-red 

 color with alum and a black violet lake with iron alum. 

 Hsematein forms bluish violet with alkalies ; reddish 

 purple with sodium cartonate ; reddish purple with 

 ammonia ; bluish violet lake with ammoniacal copper 

 sulfate ; violet lake with ammoniacal tin chlorid ; black 

 with ammoniacal iron alum. Logwood and fustic are the 

 principal natural coloring matters not yet replaced by 

 artificial products. They are not used so exclusively as 

 hitherto. Their coloring principles have not yet been 

 made synthetically, and their low price and good qualities 

 keep them important. 



Lopez root : Toddalia aeuleata. Contains ber- 

 berin. Yellow. 



Lomatiol : Tricondylus ilicifolia, Tricondylus 

 myricoides. Yellow. 



Madder : Rubia tinctorum. (Fig. 374). Natural 

 source of alizarin dyes. Formerly considered the 

 most important of all dye-stuffs used by calico- 

 printers, and cultivated very extensively in Italy 

 and France, but is now entirely displaced by arti- 

 ficial alizarin. The plant is a native of Asia Minor. 

 Color dyed with it is the well-known Turkey red. 

 Mang-koudur, or oungkoudon, song-kou-long, 

 jong koutong : Morinda umbellata. Lakes, yellow to red. 

 Marsh marigold : Caltha palustris. Yellow. 

 Mountain wormwood, or Genepi des alpes : Artemisia 

 Absinthium. Yellowish. 



Munjeet : Rubia eordifolia. Similar to madder. 

 Mjrrtle berry: Myrtus communis. Bluish red. 

 Nettle : Urtica sp. 



Nicaragua wood : Guilandina eehinata. Boughs or 

 twigs used. See lledwoods. 



Onion : Allium Cepa. Alumina lake, yellow-brown. 

 Oregon grape root ; Berberis Aquifolium. Yellow 

 basic dye. 



Panama crimson : Vine called "China.'' 



Parsley: Apium Petroselinum. Alumina lake, yellow. 



PeachwoOd, or St. Martha wood, Martin wood, bois du 



