DYES AND DYEING 



FARM GARDEN 



273 



to carry out dyeing instructions. The package dyes, 

 sold everywhere, are v«ry serviceable, though not 

 always entirely satisfactory. It should be remem- 

 bered that the after-processes add a great deal to 

 the appearance of the goods, and that amateurs 

 have neither the necessary apparatus nor the skill 

 of the professional dyer. Valuable material should 

 be sent to a first-class dyer. 



By carrying out the following tests on small 

 samples, which can be made readily, the suitability 

 of the material for any particular use may be as- 

 certained easily, and much after-annoyance avoided: 



(1) Fastness to light and atmospheric influences. 

 The sample is exposed to sunlight under glass, and 

 compared from time to time with a reserved part. 

 Expose for two or 

 more weeks ; the longer 

 the better. A more se- 

 vere test is to expose 

 to the weather. 



(2) Fastness to rub- 

 bing. Rub with a 

 piece of white cloth. 



(3) Fastness to iron- 

 ing. Press with a hot- 

 iron, aiid compare. 



(4) Fastness to 

 washing. Wash with 

 hot soap four times, 

 allowing the goods 

 to dry in the air be- 

 tween each two treat- 

 ments. 



(5) Fastness to al- 

 alkali. Immerse in 

 strong ammonia and 

 then in washing soda 

 (one part in ten of water); dry without washing. 



(6) Fastness to perspiration. Treat for one hour 

 with a teaspoonful of 30 per cent acetic acid in a 

 pint of water at about blood heat. White wine 

 vinegar diluted with an equal quantity of water 

 will answer. 



(7) Fastness to boiling in soda. Boil for one hour 

 in a gallon of water in which two ounces of wash- 

 ing soda and one-half ounce of castile soap have 

 been dissolved. 



Literature, 



Georgivics, Chemistry of Dyestuffs; A. G. Green, 

 Survey of the Organic Colouring Matters ; Allen, 

 Commercial Organic Analysis ; Praps, Principles 

 of Dyeing ; Knecht, Rawson and Rosenthal, Manual 

 of Dyeing ; Hummel, Dyeing of Textile Fabrics ; 

 Cain and Thorpe, Synthetic Dyestuffs; Rawson, 

 Gardner and Laycock, Diet, of Dyes, Mordants, 

 etc. ; Crookes, Handbook of Dyeing and Calico- 

 printing ; Rothwell, Printing of Textile Fabrics ; 

 Leflfmann-Weyl, Sanitary Relations of the Coal Tar 

 Colors ; Berry, Coloring Matters for Foodstuffs 

 and Methods for their Detection (being Bulletin 

 No. 25 of the Bureau of Chemistry, United States 

 Department of Agriculture ; this also contains 

 many references to literature on the subject); 

 Bulletin No. 100 of same; Sadtler, Industrial 



B18 



Organic Chemistry, contains a full bibliography 

 on the subject. The book, Programme of the City 

 and Guilds of London Institute, contains very full 

 lists of books on many branches of technology, 

 including dyeing and bleaching ; Patterson, Colour 

 Matching on Textiles ; Rawson, Gardner and Lay- 

 cock, Dictionary of Dyes, Mordants, etc.; Hurst, 

 Silk Dyeing and Printing. 



FARM GARDEN, Figs. 379-391. 



The farmer's garden should be simple, ample and 

 abounding. There is no need that it be stinted or 

 cramped. The hand labor is increased when the 

 garden is small and enclosed, for the spaces are 



Fig. 379. A farm vegetable-garden, made up of long, wide rows tbat admit of cultivation , 



by horse. 



narrow and the rows short, preventing the use of 

 a horse. A garden area should be as much a part 

 of the farm establishment as the cows or chickens 

 are. 



Three classes of products may be grown in farm 

 gardens, — flowers, vegetables, fruits. If the es- 

 tablishment is a fruit-farm, the fruits will be sup- 

 plied from the orchards or fields ; but even then 

 there may be some kinds of fruit that will be 

 grown only in a garden space. The garden may 

 be field-like in its size and treatment ; it may be 

 called a garden because it is part of the home 

 idea rather than the money-profit idea, being 

 accessible to the residence and supplying products 

 that are used therein. 



Long, straight rows allow of cultivating by 

 horse. As land is plenty, the rows may be placed 

 far apart. Too often the farmer follows the dis- 

 tances advised in the catalogues and books, and 

 thereby plants his garden so close that he must 

 hoe it and till it by hand. The distances given in 

 the books are those that the plants require in order 

 to arrive at proper development ; greater distances 

 are no harm to the plants. At one side of the 

 garden area, the bush-fruits and asparagus and 

 rhubarb may be placed. The other parts may be 

 planted in rotation. Even some of the flowers may 

 occupy long free rows in the garden space, afford- 



