MAIZE 



MAPLE-SUGAR 



427 



registered pedigree of six years, four years in the 

 breeding plot (1905, 1906, 1907 and 1908), one 

 year in the multiplying plot (1909), and one year 

 in the commercial field (1910). 



Literature. 



Some of the literature on the varieties of maize 

 and their classification may here be mentioned : 

 E. Lewis Sturtevant, The Varieties of Maize, 

 American Naturalist XVIII : 532 (1884); also Bul- 

 letin No. 57, Office of Experiment Stations, Wash- 

 ington, D. C, 1899 ; John W. Harshberger, Maize : 

 A Botanical and Economic Study, Contributions 

 from the Botanical Laboratory, University of 

 Pennsylvania, I, No. 2, pp. 75-202 ; Same, Fertile 

 Crosses of Teosinte and Maize, Garden and Forest, 

 IX : 522 ; Contributions Botanical Laboratory of 

 Pennsylvania, II: 231-234; Herbert J. Webber, 

 Xenia, or the Immediate Effect of Pollen on Maize, 

 Bulletin No. 22, Division of Vegetable Physiology 

 and Pathology, Washington, D. C; E. G. Mont- 

 gomery, Tillering in the Corn Plant, Sciencenewser, 

 XXIII : 625, April 20, 1906 ; Same, What is an Ear 

 of Corn? Popular Science Monthly, January, 1906 ; 

 W. W. Rowlee and M. W. Doherty, The Histology 

 of the Embryo of Indian Corn, Bulletin, Torrey Bo- 

 tanical Club, XXV: 311-315, June, 1898; Frederick 

 Leroy Sargent, Corn Plants, 1899 ; L. H. Pammel, 

 Grasses of Iowa, Bulletin No. 54, Iowa Experiment 

 Station, January, 1901 ; Same, Comparative Anat- 

 omy of the Corn Caryopsis, Iowa Academy of 

 Sciences, 1897 ; Robert Combs, Histology of the 

 Corn Leaf, Contributions Botanical Department, 

 Iowa State College, No. 10; Rodney H. True, On the 

 Development of the Caryopsis, Botanical Gazette, 

 XVIII : 212, June, 1893 ; A. L. Winton, Anatomy of 

 the Maize Cob, Report of the Connecticut Agri- 

 cultural Experiment Station, 1900: 186-195; H. 

 S. Reed, A Study of the Enzyme-Secreting Cells of 

 Zea Mais and Phoenix dactylifera. Annals of Bot- 

 any, LXX : 267-287, April, 1904 ; Ethel Sargant 

 and Agnes Robertson, The Anatomy of the Scutel- 

 lum of Zea Mais, Annals of Botany, January, 1905, 

 pp. 115-123. 



For cultivation methods and varieties best suited 

 to different localities, reference is made to state ex- 

 periment station bulletins, which are too numerous 

 to mention; for general discussions of corn and corn- 

 culture, to The Cereals in America, Thomas F. Hunt, 

 1904; Bulletin No. 133 of the Department of Agri- 

 culture of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1904; 

 The A B C of Corn Culture, P. G. Holden, 1906; 

 Farmers' Bulletin No. 199, United States Depart- 

 ment of Agriculture, 1904 ; Indian Corn, Edward 

 Enfield, 1866 ; The Book of Corn, Herbert Myrick, 

 Orange Judd Company, New York City ; for corn 

 pests and remedies, to Economic Entomology, John 

 B. Smith, 1896, and Bulletins Nos. 44 and 95 of the 

 University of Illinois, S. A. Forbes ; for origin and 

 history, to Origin of Cultivated Plants, De Can- 

 dolle, 1886 ; History and Chemical Investigation 

 of Maize, J. H. Salisbury, 1849. 



References on growing maize for the silo follow: 

 Henry, Feeds and Feeding, published by the author, 

 Madison, Wis.; Voorhees, Fertilizers, Macmillan 



Company, New York City ; King, Physics of Agri- 

 culture, published by the author, Madison, Wis.; 

 WoU, Book on Silage ; Shaw, Soiling Crops and the 

 Silo, Orange Judd Company; Miles, Soiling, Ensilage 

 and Silage ; Illinois Station, Bulletin No. 43 ; New 

 York State Station, Bulletin No. 97 ; Ohio Station, 

 Bulletin No. 5; Farmers' Bulletin, United States 

 Department of Agriculture, No. 32. Several other 

 state experiment stations have discussed silage in 

 bulletins and reports, and information will be found 

 in reports of Farmers' Institutes. The Agricultural 

 Press is a very fruitful source of information. 



For popcorn : Hunt, Cereals in America, Orange 

 Judd Company, New York City; Illinois Experiment 

 Station, Bulletin No. 13. 



A few of the more important bulletins on corn- 

 breeding follow: Connecticut Bulletin No. 152 

 (1906), The Improvement of Corn in Connecticut ; 

 Illinois Bulletin No. 55 (1899), Improvement in the 

 Chemical Composition of the Corn Kernel ; Illinois 

 Bulletin No. 82 (1902), Methods of Corn-Breeding ; 

 Illinois Bulletin No. 100 (1905), Directions for the 

 Breeding of Corn, Including Methods for the Pre- 

 vention of Inbreeding ; Illinois Circular No. 101 

 (1906), Methods of Testing Variability in Corn ; 

 Indiana Bulletin No. 100 (1906), Corn Improve- 

 ment ; Kansas Bulletin No. 107 (1902), Analyses of 

 Corn, with Reference to Its Improvement ; Ohio 

 Circular No. 53 (1906), Experiments with Corn; 

 Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Bulletin 

 No. 133 (1904), The Improvement of Corn in Penn- 

 sylvania. 



MAPLE-SUGAR AND MAPLE-SYRUP. Figs. 

 649-658. 



By /. L. Hills. 



The making of sugar from the sap of one or two 

 species of maple trees constitutes a peculiarly 

 American industry. It is commonly associated with 

 the " customs " of New England and other northern 

 states. 



Like every other farming industry, maple-sugar- 

 making has changed greatly within a generation. 

 The practices of the first half of the last century 

 were in some respects hardly in advance of those 

 which the Indians employed. To be sure hot stones 

 were no longer dropped into the sap, nor was it 

 concentrated by successive freezings ; but the rude 

 bark vessels, the huge potash kettles, the unsightly 

 slashes on the tree trunks were still used and the 

 product was dark, strong and tangy. There was 

 little or no attempt to grade the sugar or improve 

 its quality, and cleanliness, in the modern accepta- 

 tion of the term as applied to sugar-making, was 

 unknown. This was not a very serious matter in 

 those days, as maple-sugar did not then enter into 

 commerce. It was a home-made, home-consumed 

 commodity, and the cane-sugar of the tropics was 

 rarely seen in the farm pantry in the maple re- 

 gions. Beginning about fifty years ago, however, 

 the status of the product began to change, in part 

 owing to the lowered price of the cane- and beet- 

 sugar. The maple became less of a necessity and 

 more of a luxury; less was eaten at home and more 



