SUGAR-CANE 



SUNFLOWER 



611 



attack the cuttings after planting. Here fungicides 

 come into play as explained on page 606. The 

 remainder of the pests are fought by modifications 

 of agricultural practices. Where the pests are 

 abundant it is generally advisable to burn over 

 the fields after each crop is removed. This results 

 in the destruction of a vast amount of diseased 

 material that would otherwise remain to infest the 

 succeeding crop. Where the pests are not preva- 

 lent, the plowing in of such refuse is permissible. 

 The destruction of infested cane of all kinds is 

 sometimes accomplished by passing it through the 

 mill at convenient times, as at the end of the week 

 where the run is a weekly one. The crushing and 

 heat kill everything thus treated and it seems prob- 

 able that this method will come into wider use. 

 It is possible that in a large mill, it would pay to 

 maintain a small set of rollers for this purpose. 



Careful attention to the seed, its selection in the 

 field and its careful preparation and planting, 

 constitutes a strong defense against these pests. 

 Special plows and other tools have been devised 

 for use in. fighting these enemies. Quicklime is 

 used as a soil fungicide. 



Literature. 



Culture : Leon Colson, Culture et Industrie de la 

 Canne a Sucre (Hawaii and Reunion), Second Edition, 

 xxii, 431, illustrated, Paris, Challareul (1905); Noel 

 Deerr, Sugar and Sugar-cane, viii, 395, illustrated, 

 Manchester, N. Rodger (1905) ; Wilhelm Kriiger, Das 

 Zucker-rohr und seine Kultur, 580, illustrated, 

 Magdeburg (1899); W. C. Stubbs, Sugar-Cane, 

 Baton Rouge (1897) ; Bulletins of the Experiment 

 Stations of Java, East and West, Mededeelingen and 

 Kagok te Pekalongon, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Ex- 

 periment Station, Louisiana, Cuba and Porto Rico 

 Experiment Stations, British Imperial Department 

 of Agriculture, Barbadoes. Fungous pests: Bulletins 

 of Barber, Cobb, Howard, Janse, Lewton-Brain, 

 Tryon, Wakker, Went. Insect pests and nematodes : 

 Bulletins of Cobb, Comstock, Kobus, Perkins, Tryon, 

 et al. Manufacture: P. Von Bieroliet, L'Industrie 

 Sucriere aux Etats-Unis, Brecht (1901); R. Pruling 

 & J. Scbulz, Anleitung zur Untersuchung der fiir den 

 Zuckerindustrie in betracht kommenden rohmater- 

 ialen, produkte, neben-produkte, und hiilfssubstan- 

 zen. Fifth Edition, xxi, 505, illustrated, Braun- 

 schweig (1903) ; Herbert Myrick, The American 

 Sugar Industry, viii, 232, Orange Judd Company, 

 New York (1900) ; H. L. Roth, Guide to the Literature 

 of Sugar, 159, London (1890); W. L. Bass, Sugar 

 Manufacture, New York (1900) ; H. Claassen and 

 Bartz, Die Zuckerfabrikation, B. G. Teubner, Leip- 

 zig and Berlin ; J. G. M'Intosh, The Technology of 

 Sugar, xiv, 408, illustrated, D. Van Nostrand, New 

 York; A. Rumpler, Ausfuhrliches Handbuch der 

 Zuckerfabrikation, Braunschweig, F. Verweg & 

 Sohn (1906) ; G. S. Spencer, Handbook for Cane 

 Sugar Manufacturers, Fourth Edition, viii, 381, illus- 

 trated, J. Wiley and Sons, New York ; F. Stolle, 

 Handbuch fiir Zukerfabrikats-Chemiker, xix, 583, 

 P. Parey, Berlin (1904) ; R. Teyssier, Manuel-Guide 

 de la Fabrication de Sucre, 425, illustrated, C. 

 Naud, Paris (1904). 



SUNFLOWER. Helianthus annuus, Linn. Com- 

 positce. Pig. 837. 



By A. M. TenEyek. 



The sunflower is a native annual plant, the seeds 

 of which are used for bird and poultry food, and 

 to some extent for stock-food and for the manu- 

 facture of oil. The entire plant is also used for 

 feeding dry and for ensiling. The seeds of the 

 large-seeded variety are sold in Russia as pea- 

 nuts are sold in this country, except that they are 

 to be eaten raw. The stems are 3-20 feet high, 

 rough-hairy, often mottled; leaves 4-12 inches 

 long, broadly ovate, acute, and the lower cordate, 

 coarsely serrate, 

 rough on both sides; 

 flower - heads 3-6 

 inches wide in wild 

 specimens, often 14- 

 22 inches in culti- 

 vated specimens. 



Although the sun- 

 flower is native in 

 Kansas and the 

 Great Plains region 

 from Nebraska to 

 Mexico, it has re- 

 ceived little develop- 

 ment by culture as 

 a farm crop in this 

 country. The Ameri- 

 can Indians culti- 

 vated and developed 

 it, using the seed 

 for food and to 

 make oil which they 

 used on their hair. 

 These cultivated 

 varieties were first 

 introduced into Eu- 

 rope about the mid- 

 dle of the sixteenth 

 century. In western 

 Europe and America 

 the plant has been grown chiefly for ornamental 

 purposes, or occasionally for poultry food, and, ex- 

 cept in recent years, has hardly risen to the dignity 

 of a farm crop; but in Russia, sunflower seed has 

 come into general use as a staple article of human 

 food and for the production of oil, which resembles 

 olive oil and which is used in cooking and for other 

 domestic purposes in that country. In recent years 

 some exportation of this oil is being made from 

 Russia to other countries. In Russia the plant has 

 come to be extensively cultivated ; improved va- 

 rieties have been developed, and the best varieties 

 now grown in the United States are those intro- 

 duced from that country. The crop is also grown 

 extensively in India and Egypt. 



Sunflowers have a wide adaptability, and could 

 be grown successfully throughout a large part of 

 the country. For growing on a commercial scale, 

 however, the Ohio valley and Kansas and Missouri 

 seem to be best adapted. Sunflower seed is very 

 rich in fat and protein, containing four to fivs 



Fig. 837. 

 Sunflower {Helianthus annuus). 



