BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 315 



forehead), orange or orange-yellow/ the under parts similar, bnt 

 rather paler or more yellowish orange posteriorly; rump and upper 

 tail-coverts orange or orange-yellow, more or less (often strongly) 

 tinged with olive; lesser wing-coverts partly black, partly (next to 

 bend and anterior border) orange; exposed portion of middle and 

 greater coverts white, forming a large patch; rest of wings, including 

 greater portion of inner webs of greater coverts, black, the secondaries 

 (except at base of five or six outermost) broadly, the primaries more 

 narrowly, edged with white; middle pair of rectrices black, except at 

 base; next pair mostly black; remaining rectrices orange-yellow, with 

 more or less of black or dusky at tips (sometimes also on subbasal por- 

 tion of inner webs); maxilla black, mandible bluish; iris brown; legs 

 and feet dusky horn color in dried skins. 



Adult male in winter. — Similar to the summer male, but scapulars 

 and interscapulars margined with grayish, feathers of under parts 

 faintly margined with whitish, and those of rump and upper tail-coverts 

 tipped with light grayish. 



Adult female. — Pileum and hindneck yellowish olive, becoming 

 grayer posteriorly; back, scapulars, and rump olive-gx'ayish, the Vjack 

 sometimes narrowly or indistinctly streaked with dusky; upper tail- 

 coverts and tail olivaceous saffron yellow, or wax yellow, rather 

 brighter on edges of the rectrices; sides of head (including superciliary 

 stripe), sides of neck, and chest (sometimes most of throat also — more 

 rarely most of under parts) saffron yellowish or dull orange-j'ellow ; 

 chin and median line of throat more whitish, sometimes blotched with 

 black (chin and median line of throat rarely solid black?); rest of under 

 parts dull buffy whitish, the sides and flanks tinged with pale olive- 

 grayish, and breast (sometimes abdomen also) tinged with yellow; anal 

 region and under tail-coverts more yellowish, sometimes distinctly 

 yellow; wings dusker, the middle coverts broadly tipped with white, 

 forming a distinct band, the greater coverts and remiges edged with 

 white or grayish white. 



Immature male (second year). — Similar to the adult female, but chin 

 and median line of throat solid black, the lores also black, and size 

 slightly larger. 



Yornig male, first plumage. — Similar to adult female, but throat 

 entirely yellowish, wing-markings more buffy whitish, and plumage in 

 general more or less suffused with buffy, especially the under parts. 



Young female, first plumage.Simi\a,r to the young male, but slightly 

 paler. 



Adult male.— Length (skins), 171.5-193 (180.3); wing, 97-102.4 

 (99.8); tail, 75.7-81.8 (78.7); exposed culmen, 16.5-20.6 (18.5); depth 



^Varying from almost lemon yellow to deeper than cadmium orange, the average 

 hue about the "orange" of my "Nomenclature of Colors." 



