DEVELOPMENT WINGS NERVURES 329 



Pieris Irassicae} and finds that the future wing is then indi- 

 cated by a thickening and bagging inwards of the hypoderniis, 

 and by some embryonic cells and a trachea in close relation with 

 this mass (Fig. 168, A). The structure grows so as to form a sac 

 projecting to the interior of the body, connected with the body- 

 wall by a pedicel, and penetrated by a trachea forming branches 

 consisting of rolled and contorted small tracheae (Fig. 168, B). 

 If the body -wall be dissected off the caterpillar immediately 

 before pupation the wings appear in crumpled form, as shown 

 in Fig. 169. This fact was known 

 to the older entomologists, and gave sti j 



rise to the idea that the butterfly 

 could be detected in a caterpillar by 

 merely stripping off the integument. 



The exact mode by which the 

 wings become external at the time 

 of appearance of the chrysalis is not 

 ascertained ; but it would appear from 



Gonin's observations that it is not Fig. 169.-Anterior parts of a cater- 

 by a process of evagination, but by V^^'^^^ °t /■*• brasskae, the bocly- 

 j , ,' p ^^ 1 1 • 1 • v,'2i[\ having; been dissected off, 

 destruction of the hypodermiS lymg immediately before pupation. 



outside the wing. However this may "• "■'> Anterior and posterior 



... n 1 ,, , 1 1 wings; si /, first .spiracle ; jo, y, 



be, It IS well known that, when the second and third legs. (After 



caterpillar's skin is finally shed and Gonm.) 

 the chrysalis appears, the wings are free, external appendages, 

 and soon become fastened down to the body by an exudation 

 that hardens so as to form the shell of the chrysalis. 



Scales and nervures. — Before tracing tlie further develop- 

 ment it will be well to discuss the structure of the scales and 

 nervures that form such important features in the Lepidopterous 

 wing. 



If a section "be made of the perfect wing of a Lepidopteron, 

 it is found that the two layers or walls of the wing are firmly 

 held together by material irregularly arranged, in a somewhat 

 columnar manner. The thickness of the wing is much greater 

 where the section cuts through a nervure (Fig. 170, A). The 

 nervures apparently differ as to the structures found in them. 

 Spuler observed in a nervure of Tripliaena 2^ronuba, a body having 

 in section a considerable diameter, that he considered to be a 



' Bull. Soc. Vaudoise, xxx. 1894, No. 115. 



