344 



LEPIDOPTERA 



though in the female there are usually five hut without any chaos. 

 Pupa suspended by the tail so as to hang down freely. "\Ve 

 include in this family several sub -families treated by some 

 taxonomists as families ; in this respect we follow Bates, whose 

 arrangement^ still remains the basis of butterfly classification. 

 With this extension the Nymphalidae is the most important of 

 the families of butterflies, and includes upwards of 250 genera, 

 and between 4000 and 5000 species. There are eight sub- 

 families. 



It is in Nymphalidae that the act of pupation reaches its 

 acme of complication and perfection ; the pupae hang suspended 

 by the tail, and the cremaster, that is the process at the end 



of the body, bears highly- 

 developed hooks (Fig. 177, 

 C, D). The variety in 

 form of the chrj'salids is 

 extraordinary ; humps or 

 processes often project 

 from the body, making 

 the Insect a fantastic 

 object ; the strange ap- 

 pearance is frequently in- 



■Pupa of the Purple Emperor butterfly, Crcased by patches like 



A 



FiQ. 177, 



Apaiura iris 



New Forest. A, Lateral, B, „„i^ -i , , 



dorsal aspect ; C, enlarged view of cremaster 8°^ °^ Silver, placed On 

 with the suspensory hook 

 more enlarged. 



D, one hook still Various parts of the body. 

 It is believed that the 

 term chrysaHd was first suggested by these golden pupas. 

 The Purple Emperor, Apaiiira iris, differs strikingly iu the pupa- 

 as well as in the larva- stage from all our other Vymphalids ; it 

 is of green colour, very broad along the sides, but narrow 'on 

 the dorsal and ventral aspects (Fig. 177). The skin of this 

 pupa IS less hard than usual, and the pupa seems to be of a 

 very delicate constitution. The Purple Emperor, like some of 

 the Satyrides as well as some of its more immediate congeners 

 hibernates in our climate as a partially grown larva and passes 

 consequently only a very brief period of its existence in the 

 form of a pupa. 



Sub-Fam. 1. Danaides.— i^row;; wing toith inner-margin 



1 Journal of Entomology, i. 1862, p. 218 : for early instars of South American 

 iNymphahdae see MuUer, Zool. Jahrh. Sijst. i. 1886, p. 417. 



