4 DESIGN IN NATURE 



Yid, 4. — Oarbunate of calcium from urine of horse. Natural. Shows radiating and rosette arrangements seen in planXs, no\ , 

 animals, and parts thereof: also in lines of force (Plates h'. and Ivi., pp. 107 and 109), and in developing embryo cells (Plates ixi., 

 Ixii., and Ixiii., pp. 154, 156, and 158). . ,,, 



Fig. 5.— Crystals of margarine and stearine. Margarine needles (a) and stearine ftower-like aggregations of lanceolate pla-tes ^o;. 



Fig. 6. — Uric acid crystals. Human. Natural, a, Various form.s of aigrettes, radiating and flower-like ; b, dumb-bell crystal, 

 resembles cell dividing ; c, sheaf-shaped crystal not unlike palm-leaf. t • C/ > 



Fig. 7.— Phosphate of calcium crystals ; mostly thin, rhombic, radiating plates (a) ; some displaying a radiating and concentric (}) 

 arrangement, as seen in the sections of the stems of plants, and in the bones of animals (J) (Plate v., p. 9). 



Fig. 8. — Dumb-bell crystals (a) and rectangular plates (6) of uric acid. t i i ■ 



Fig. 9.— Uric acid precipitated from solution in sulphuric acid by water. Shows radiating, star-like, and other crystals, navmg 

 shapes similar to those seen in rudimentary plants and animals, esjiecially diatoms (Plate iv.). 



Fig. 10. — Uric acid rhombs slightly acted upon by potash, showing nuclei. 



Fig. 11.— Margarine, a, Fat cells' containing star-shaped masses of needles; b, star-like clusters of needles, these resemble 

 growing flat bone (parietal bone, for example). 



Fig. 12.— Crystals of sugar of milk, displaying radiating and feathery, plant-hkc arrangements. . 



Fig. 13.— Crystals of urate of calcium. Show spicular radiating (a) and spicular spherical (6) formations. Resemble palms m 

 plants, and sea-urchins in animals. i-i i, i j 



Fig. 14.— Crystals of urate of magnesium. Afford examples of radiating bundles of spicules, assuming fan-like, hour-glass, and 

 Maltese cross shapes, common in plants and animals. 



Fig. 15.— Steiirine crystals. Show soil nacreous laminte or needles presenting radiating, fiuwer-like arrangements. 



Fig. 16.— Crystals of urate of sodium and anmionium. Show spheres with nuclei and concentric rings (a) ; one covered ^^■lth 

 radiating needles (6), as with cilia. Natural radiating stellate forms, as in flowers and star-flsh, are seen at c and d. All these crystals 

 represent plant and animal types. 



Fig. 17.— Crystals of oxalate of calcium, prepared with acid and showing dumb-bell and concentric and radiating arrangementji 

 (a, a). The same salt modified by double decomposition showing octahedrons (i). The concentric and radiating arrangements here 

 seen occu.r in great numbers in plants and animals and parts thereof, especially in developing embryonic cells (Plates Ixi., Ixii., and 

 Ixiii., pp. 154, 156, and 158) ; in transverse sections of the stems of plants and of animal structures (Plate v., p. 9). The concentric 

 and radiating arrangements are also seen in the lines of force obtained by the action of magnets on iron filings (Plates Iv. and Ivi., 

 pp. 107 and 109). The dumb-bell and stellate crystals resemble cells dividing, and forms common in flowers and animals. 



PLATE II 



Selection of crystals to illustrate radiating, branched, segmented, and spiral arrangements, very common in plants 

 and animals. Some of these crystals are beautifully symmetrical ; symmetry of form being also a characteristic 

 of plants and animals. 



Pig. 1. — Crystals of sulphooyanate of brucine, showing radiating arrangement of needles. 

 Fig. 2. —Margarine, showing radiating, starlike, and branched dendritic arrangements. 

 Fig. 3i —Radiating crystals of sulphate of calcium. 



Fig. 4. — Radiating spicules of brucine, presenting a ilower-like appearance. 



Fig. 5.— Spicules of narcotine exhibiting radiating, dendritic, flower-like forms. Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 exhibit the radiating 

 arrangement to perfection (see Plate Iv., p. 107, and Plates Ixii., Ixiii., ]ip. 156 and 158). 



Fig. 6. — Bilifulvine. Natural. Human. Shows rhombs (a) and elegantly curved dendritic bundles of needles (b), essentially 

 plant-like in appearance. 



Fig. 7. — Feathery or penniform crystals of magnesium ammoniujii pliosphate, dendritic in character. 



Fig. 8. — Crystals of ammonium chloride, showing well-marked dendritic, branching arrangements similar to what are seen in 

 plants, in minerals and metals, and on window-panes during frost. 



Fig. 9. — Crystals of uric acid of boa, artificially precipitated from solution in potash by hydrochloric acid. Show dendritic 

 formations similar to those seen at Fig. 8. 



Fig. 10. — Symmetrical, six-rayed siiicule, often seen in sponges. 



Fig. 11. — Stellate and leaf-like crystals of magnesium ammonium phosphate. Resemble star-fishes and certain flowers. 

 Fig. 12. — Crystals obtained from the cooling of a warm solution of ammonia. The more perfect crystals present a remarkably 

 regular, segmented appearance, not unlike a vertebral column. 



Fig. 13. — a, Crystals of gypsum, showing well-marked dendritic or branching arrangements similar to what are witnessed on 

 window-panes during frost, and in plants ; b, crystals of chloride of barium produced by adding gum to a solution of this substance 

 as a thickening medium. The crystals might well be mistaken for plants. 



Fig. 14. — Dendritic, branched crystals of nitrate of barium, obtained by adding gum to a solution of this substance, and rapidly 

 evaporating in thin layers. 



Fig. 15. — Crystals of phthalia anhydride, displaying a well-marked tendency to curve and branch as in plants. 

 Fig. 16. — Feather-shaped structure greatly resembling moss, and consisting of small rhombic crystals obtained from a watery 

 solution of C5Ha(CH3)2N02S03K4- iHjO (2 nitro 1-3 xylene 4 sulphonate of potassium). 



F'iG. 17. — Plant-like structure consisting of individual crystals arranged on stalks and radiating in a non-symmetrical manner. 

 Obtained from an alcoholic solution of (C(jH2(CH3)2N02S03)2Zn-|-5^H20 (2 nitro 1-3 xylene 4 sulphonate of zinc). 



Fig. 18. — Group of curling and branching crystals of permanganate of potassium. Magnified 300 diameters. Thev resemble 

 branches of trees in winter, and branching blood-vessels, bronchial tubes, &c. 



Fig. 19.— Symmetrical, rosette-like, brandling crystals, obtained by dissolving camphor in alcohol or benzol and then evaporatinf. 

 Resemble flowers and star-fishes. 



Fig. 20. — Rosette crystal of strontianite in which the individual crystals radiate from a common centre. Resembles deep- 

 sea coral (Bathyadis symmetrica) ; growing flat bones (parietal bone, for example) ; the ends of vertebras, &c. 



Fig. 21.— a, Aggregation of curling, hair-like crystals of dinitroparacresol, .showing incipient spirals (C|.H2(N02),CH (OH) ; 

 6, spiral, radiating, leaf-like crystals of styphnic acid (CflH(N02)3(OH)2) (2-4-6 trinitroresorcin). The leaflets are rectangular or oblique 

 bordered, and are always curled and much branched if the viscosity of the solution is diminished by the addition of alcohol. 



Fig. 22. — a. Beautiful symmetrical, segmented crystal of chloride of copper and chlorate of ammonia- b c graceful starlike 

 crystals of nitrate of sodium and rhombohedral nitrate of potassium ; d, club-shaped, stellate crystal similar to those obtained from 

 the solidification of saltpetre. 



