8 DESIGN IN NATURE 



Fig. 12. — Hepatic cells with biliary duct between. Show pentagonal and hexagonal forms, chiefly the latter. Compare with 

 Pigs. 3, 4, and 13. 



Fig. 13. — Hexagonal pigment cells from the choroid coat of the eye. Compare with Figs. 3, 4, and 12. 



Fig. 14. — Pygidium of a flea with bristles. Shows concentric and radiating arrangement of the areolae (the Author). 



Fig. 15. — Portion of sponge with spicules projecting from the surface. Shows branching, plant-like form (the Author). 



Fig. 16. — Portions of shell of oyster {a), and egg of ostrich (J). Show radiating and concentric arrangements (the Author). 



Fig. 17. — a, Asterolampra marylandica, side view ; b, Heliopelta Leeuwenhmckii, side view. Show lieautiful concentric and 

 radiating arrangements (the Author). 



Fig. 18. — Euastrum ohloivjum. Shows rudimentary segmentation (the Author). 



Fig. 19. — Tdmemoi-us lasvis (in conjugation). Shows symmetrical form and augmentation. 



Fig. 20. — Staurastrum gracile. Shows triangular radiation. 



Fig. 21. — Micrasterias denticulata. Cell dividing transversely. 



Fig. 22. — a, Pediastrum boryanum. Shows stellate radiation and reticulated surface, b, Pediastrum granulahmi. Empty cell. 



Fig. 23. — Euastrum vernicosum. Shows symmetric radiation and tendency to segmentation. 



Fig. 24. — a, Gosmarium pyramidatum. Shows tendency to segmentation or division, b, Empty shell of same. 



Fig. 25. — Micrasterias denticulata (sporangium). Shows concentric and radiating branching arrangement (the Author). 



Fig. 26. — a, Tetmemorus yranulatus ; b, ditto, empty cell. Show symmetrical markings and tendency to segmentation. 



Fig. 27. — O'yrosigma strigile (side view). Shows central point and longitudinal and transveise markings. 



Fig. 28. — Pinnularia nobilis (side view). Shows central point and longitudinal, radiating, and transverse markings. 



Fig. 29. — Gyrosig-nui transversale. Shows central jioint and longitudinal and oblique markings which cross each other. 



Fig. 30. — Gyclotella operculata. a, Side view ; b, front view. Show concentric and beautiful radiating arrangement. 



Fig. 31. — Gyrosigma angulatum, (side view with endochrome). Shows longitudinal and central circular markings. 



Fig. 32. — Namcula didyma (side view). Shows central point and longitudinal and radiating markings. 



Fig. 33. — Gyrosigma littorale (side view). Shows central point and longitudinal striation. 



Fis. 34. — Meridian circulare. Shows frustules united into a spiral coil ; front view. 



Fig. 35. — Synedra splendens. Shows frustules attached at one end and radiating. 



Fig. 36. — Licmophora splendida. a, Frustules arranged in a radiating, branched, plant-like form; J, side view of single 

 frustule ; c, front view, ditto. 



Fig. 37. — Gocconema lanceolatum, presenting : a, a plant-like appearance ; b, single valve side view. 



Fig. 38. — Eupodiscxis sculptiis (side view). Shows central point with four sets of pear-shaped radiating markings, arranged at right 

 angles to each other. 



Fig. 39. — Amphora ovalis (front view). Shows longitudinal and radiating markings. 



Fig. 40. — Doryphora amphiceros. a, Side view of frustule with endochrome ; b, front view, ditto ; c, prepared single valve. 



Fig. 41. — Biddulphia aurita and frustules undergoing division (a, b, c, d). 



Fig. ii.^Synedra splendens. a, Side view of prepared frustule ; b, front view of ditto. Show longitudinal and transverse 

 markings. 



Fig. 43. — Gomphonema acuminatum. Showing plant-like arrangement of parts. 



Fig. 44. — Getocholus septentrionalis (dorsal view). Shows segmentation of body, antennae, &<:. 



Fig. 45. — Cyclops quadricornis (male). Sho\\s segmentation in body, anteimse, and legs. 



Fig. 46. — Ganthocamptus minutus. Shows segmentation in body, antennas, and legs. 



Fig. 47. — Notodelphys ascidicola (female). Shows segmentation of body, &o. 



Fig. 48. — Alteutha depressa. Shows segntentation of body, antenna, and legs. 



Fig. 49. — Nebalia bipes. Shows segmentation of body, &c. 



Fig. 50. — Hcdiclystus ocloradiatvs. A Lucernarian medusa {a, b) ; on sea-weed (c). Shows symmetrical radiation from centre, as in 

 star-fish and many crystals and plants. 



Fig. 51. — Scale of dace (Leuciscus vulgaris). Shows concentric and radiating markings. 



Fig. 52. — Scale of jack or pike {Esox lucius). Shows concentric markings. Compare with markings on starch corpuscle. 



Fig. 53. — ArujuiUula tritici. a, Mature worm ; b, young or immature worm. Show tendency to segmentation of bodies. 



PLATE V 



In tliis plate accurate drawings of an animal cell, egg, hair follicle, muscle, nerve, Pacinian body, coral, horn 

 bone, tooth, &c., are given. The radiating and concentric arrangements occurring in crystals and plants reappear 

 in a striking form in animals, and are to be regarded as fundamental. Compare with Plates i., ii., iii., and iv. • also 

 with Plates Ixi., Ixii., and Ixiii., pp. 154, 156, and 158, also Plates Iv. and Ivi., pp. 107 and 109, which deal with 

 embryonical development and lines of force. 



Fig. a. Cell with radially disposed reticulum from the intestinal epithelium of a worm (after Carnoy). 



Fig. B. Ovum or egg cell of a worm (after Strasburger). Shows radiation from a central area. 



Fig. (.'. Transverse section of muscular fibre of leg of wasp, showing a radial disposition of the sarcoplasm (after Schaefer) 



Fig. D. Transverse section of a Pacinian body (touch corpuscle), showing concentric arrangement (the Author). 



Fig. E. Tran,5verse section of two nerves : the nerve fibres occupy the central portions of each section, and rod-like structures 

 pass radially between the axis cylinder and the primitive slieath (alter Schaefer). 



Fig. F. Transverse section of human molar tooth. Shows nidiating and concentric arrangement of dentine and enamel (the Author') 



Fig. G. Growing parietal bone of a foetus in the possession of the author. The bony substance is arranged in radiating lines ■' 

 growth proceeding from the central portion of the bone (the Author). ' 



Fig. H. Parietal bone of an embryo sheep. Shows tlie same radiating arrangement as in Fig. G (after Schaefer). 



Fig. I. Vertical section of human os calcis. Shows radiating, curved, cross arrangement of the cancellous tissue of the bone 

 giving the greatest amount of strength with the least possible material. The os calcis in walking receives the weight of the bodv the 

 instant the heel touches the ground (the Author). 



Fig. J. Transverse section of growing horn of stag. Shows radiating and concentric arrangements (the Author). 



Fig. K. Section of liair-follicle (after Biesiadecki). Shows concentric and radiating arrangements. 



Fi(i. L. Transverse section of human vertebra. Shows radiating arrangement in the body of the vertebra (the Author') 



