XX CONTENTS 



PAGE 



§ 448. Points wherein the Wings of Pterodactyls and Bats Agree and Disagree — Important Differences to 



be Noted ... . . 1294 



§ 449. The Wings of Pterodactyls are produced not by Dwarfing or Obhterating original Typical Parts, but by 



the Excessive Growth and Increase in Size of the Parts more especially connected with Flight . .1295 



§ 450. The Wings of Pterodactyls are Triangular in Shape, Elastic, carefully-graduated Organs, formed on 



a Common Type . .... . . . . 1295 



§ 451. The Wings of Pterodactyls, Bats, and Insects supply Good Models for Winged Flying-machines 1295 



EXTINCT PLANTS AND ANIMALS— THEIR PECULIARITIES— LARGE SIZE- 

 RELATIONS TO THE YOUNG EARTH, &c. 



§ 452. Extinct Plants — their unusual Appearance, &c., as compared with Modern Plants 1299 



§ 45.3. Gigantic Extinct Reptiles and Birds . . . 1304 



§ 454. Gigantic Extinct Mammals . 1322 



THE ORIGIN AND CAREER OF MAN 



§ 455. Antiquity of Man . . 1331 



§ 45(j. The Human Race in Greek and Roman Times . 1342 



§ 457. Antiquity of Man from the Geological Standpoint . . 1350 



APPENDICES 



APPENDIX I.— HISTORY OF ANATOMICAL PREPARATION-MAKING AS DE- 

 VISED AND PRACTISED BY THE AUTHOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF 

 EDINBURGH, AND AT THE HUNTERIAN MUSEUM OF THE ROYAL 

 COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF ENGLAND (LONDON) ... . i363 



(Reprinted from the Lancet of November 23rd and 30th, 1901.) 



APPENDIX II.— AERIAL LOCOMOTION. PETTIGREW versus MAREY. By PRO- 

 FESSOR COUGHTRIE . . . . . 13g5 

 (Reprinted from the Quarterly Journal of Science, April 1875.) 



APPENDIX III.— REFUTATION OF THE CLAIM PUT FORWARD BY THE 

 ADMIRERS OF LEONARDO DA VINCI TO BE REGARDED AS THE DIS- 

 COVERER OF THE TRUE PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT ... 1395 

 (" Spiral Formations in Relation to Walking, Swimming, and Flying." Lancet, January 2nd 1904 ) ^ 



INDEX .1,01 



' '' Oi] the I\li'i4iaiiioal Appliances by wliicli Flight is attained in the Animal Kingdom" (7Vrt)is. Zi/tH. ,SW'. vol xxvi ■) " n f v, ni 

 of Wings '• (Tmnx. Roy Hue. Edin., vol. xxvi.). ' ''' ^" ^^'^ J^hysiology 



