CONTENTS xvii 



PARE 



THE OSSEOUS AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS OF THE HORSE 

 §§ 346-352. The Walk, Trot, Gallop, Canter, Amble, Rack, and Ricochet of the Horse . . 1137-1143 



§§ 353-355. Locomotion of the Giraffe, Elephant, and Dog . . . . 1144-1146 



PROGRESSION ON AND IN THE WATER 



§§ 356-361. The Swimming of the Jelly-fish, Scallop, Salpa cristata, Octopus, Squid, Winged Medusa, and 



Sea-Butterfly . . . . . . . , 1149-1155 



§§ 362-366. The Swimming of the Lobster, Fresh-water Tortoise, Turtle, and Triton, and of the Swan and other 



Birds ... ... . . , 1156-1160 



§§ 367-368. Analysis of the Swimming of the Fish — Consideration of the Osseous and Muscular Systems of the 



Fish, &c. . .... . . . . . 1162-1171 



§§ 369. Analysis of the Movements of the Swimming of the Whale, Porpoise, Hahtherium, Rhytina, Dugong, 



Manatee, &c. . . . .... 1174 



§ 370. Analysis of the Swimming Movements of the Walrus, Seal, and Sea-Lion . . . 1179 



§§ 371-372. The Swimming of the Penguin — Flight under Water — Difference between Sub- Aqueous and Aerial 



Flight . . . .... 1185-1190 



§ 373. The Fhght of the Flying-fish— The Kite-like Action of its Wings . .1192 



DESIGN AS WITNESSED IN THE SWIMMING APPLIANCES OF ANIMALS — Fins, 

 Flippers, and Wings resemble each other Structurally and Functionally — The Swimming 

 Organs form the Transition Links between the Walking and Running Organs, and the 

 Volant or Flying Organs 1193 



§ 374. General Statement regarding the Nature and Extent of the Surfaces employed in Walking, Swimming, 



and Flying . . . 1196 



PROGRESSION IN OR THROUGH THE AIR 



§ 375. The Wing can Produce and Utilise Artificial Air Currents 1201 



§§ 376-378. Weight necessary to Flight — Weight contributes to Horizontal Flight — Weight, Momentum, and 



Power as Factors in Fhght ... . 1203-1204 



§ 379. Air-CeUs in Insects, Birds, and Bats not Necessary to Flight . 1205 



§§ 380-382. How Balancing is Effected in Fhght — The Sound produced by the Wing — Rapidity of Wing Move- 

 ments partly accounted for — The Wing Area Variable and in Excess . . 1206-1208 



SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS BY THE AUTHOR SHOWING EXCESS OF WING AREA 

 IN THE FLY, DRAGON-FLY, BUTTERFLY, HOUSE SPARROW, kc. 



§ 383. The Wing Area decredSes as the Size and Weight of the Volant Animal increases . .1211 



All Wings constructed on a Common Principle, namely, that of the Helix or Screw 1213 



THE WINGS OF INSECTS 

 §§ 384-385. Anterior Wings (Elytra or Wing-Cases), their Shape and Uses — The Posterior Wings, their Nervures, 



Form, Function, &c. . . • 1220 



§ 386. Threefold Action of the Wing in Insects 1221 



§ 387. Fhght Essentially a Spiral, Gliding Movement . 1222 



§ 388. Points wherein the Screws formed by the Wings differ from the Screw Propellers in Use in Steamships 1223 



VOL. I. c 



