44 DESIGN IN NATURE 



PLATE XXV (continued) 



Fig. 5. — Red coral (Gondlium rubrum) (after Lacaze-Dutliiers). Shows exquisite radiating, eoncentric, flower-like arrangements. 

 For other view see I*lg. 6. 



Fig. 6. — Tlie same, with polype extended. 



Fig. 7. — Jelly-fish (Aurelia aurita) (after Masterman). 



A. Oral view. Shows radiating and concentric symmetrical arrangements. «, Mouth ; h, gonad ; c, aperture of sub-genital 

 pit ; d, inter-radial canal ; <-, pro-radial canal ; /, tentaculocyst ; y, ad-radial canal; /i, oral tentacles. 



B. Median longitudinal section through inter-radial plane. Shows mushroom-shaped disc of jelly-tish (Aurelia cmrita). a, Mouth ; 

 a', stomach ; b, gonad ; c, sub-genital pit ; d, inter-radial canal ; h, oral tentacle ; i, tentaculocyst ; j, lappet ; k, ring-canal ; I, gastric 

 filaments. 



Fig. 8.— Whorl of haves of insectivorous plant (Aldruvanda vesiculosa) (after Dar\vin). Show radiating, star-like arrangemejit. 



PLATE XXVI 



Plate xxvi. illustrates radiating and concentric arrangements and symmetry in flowers and star-fishes. 



Fig. 1.— Examples of symmetrical flowers (after Baillion). Show radiating and concentric arj-angements. Flowers in many cases 

 resemble crystals, as shown in Plates i., ii. and iii., and in Plate xxv., Fig. 1. They also resemble many auiinals, especially infusoria, 

 (Plate xxxvii.) ; polypes and corals (Plate xxv., Figs. 4, 5, and 6) ; sea anemones (Plate xxvii., Fig. 4) ; and star-fishes (Fig. 2 of this 

 Plate, and Figs. 2 and 4 of Plate xxviii.). 



A. Mitella mida. D. Homaliam racevioswv. Q. Quillaja saponaria. ^ 



B. Epi'inedium alpinuiii. E. Tarira polyantha. H. Buettneria salicifolia. 

 0. llaphiolepis rubra. F. Akhemilla vulgaris. I. Bryophyllum calycinum. 



Fig. 2. — Typical Hl,ar-fish (I'ldxastir iiicharis, Devonian) (after Hall). Shnw.s railiating and concentric arrangement.s, and resembles 

 many crystals (Plates i., ii., and iii., and Plate xxv.. Fig. 1) ; and many plants (Plate xxv.. Fig. 3; Plate xxviii., Figs. 1 and 5). 

 A. Upper surface of star-fish. B. Under surface of star-fish. 



PLATE XXVII 



Plate xxvii. illustrates radiating and concentric arrangements in the Kmpet, scallop, human brain, and sea 

 anemones. 



Fig. 1. — Limpet (Fissurella nimbusa). Shows radiating and concentric arrangements to jjerfection. Kesembles many crystals (Fig. 2, 

 B ; Plate iv.. Fig. 2) ; some fungi (Plate .'cxii.. Fig. 3) ; the transverse sections of trees (Plate xxii.. Fig. 1) ; bones, teeth, &c. (Plate v.). 

 Drawn by C. Berjeau from specimen in the Author's museum. 



Fig. 2. — Clam or scallop shell (Peclen nuliavn), furnishing a striking example of radiating and concentric arrangements. Resembles 

 wedge-shaped portion of transverse section of tree (Plate xxii.. Fig. 1), also fungus (Plate xxii.. Fig. 3), &c. «, Starting-point of shell ; 

 6, concentric rings corresponding with rings of growth ; c, (', e, ladiating portions of shell. Drawn by C. Berjeau from specimen in the 

 Author's museum. 



Fifi. 3. — Vertical mesial line section of human brain (after Dalton). Shows radiating and concentric arrangements in a marked 

 degree. Resembles certain plants (Plate xxii., Fig. 3). 



A. Olfactory ganglion. E. Tubercula quadrigemina. 



B. Radiating fibre of cerebrum enveloped by concentric convolutions. F. Cerebellum. 



C. Corpus striatum. C. Ganglion of tuber annulare. 



D. Optic thalamus. H. Ganglion of medulla oblongata. 



Fig. 4. — Sea anemones, from water-colour drawing in the Natural History Department of the British Museum by C. Berjeau. 

 Display radiating and concentric arrangements in a striking manner. Resemble certain crystals (Plate i.. Fig. 13) and many flowers 

 (Plate xxvi.. Fig. 1) and trees (Plate xxviii.. Fig. 3). 



PLATE XXVIII 



Plate xxviii. illustrates radiating, concentric, and spiral symmetrical arrangements in plants and star-fishes. 



Fig. 1. — Alstroemeria, displaying radiating whorl of spiral leaves, a, Leaf stem ; b, t, (/, c, leaf twisted upon itself, the margins of 

 the leaf being disposed in different planes and revealing double or figure-of-8 curves. Drawn by C. Berjeau from specimen collected 

 by the Author ; half natural size. 



Fig. 2. — Silurian stir-fishes (after Salter). Show primitive radiation of a pronounced type. Resemble many crystals (Plates 

 i. and ii. ; Plate xxv.. Fig. 1) ; plants (Plate xx\i.. Fig. 1, and Figs. 1 and 5 of this Plate) ; they also resemble modern star-fishes 

 (Fig. 4 of this Plate). 



A. Plasterina primxva. B. Palxaster ruthveni. C. Paleeocoma Colvini. 



Fig. 3. — Palm tree. Shows branches ]'adiating from a central point. Resembles many crystals (Plates i. and ii.), and animals 

 (Plate xxv., Figs. 4, 5, 6, and 7 ; Plate xxvi.. Fig. 2 ; and Figs. 2 and 4 of this Plate), and parts of animals (Plate v.). Drawn by 

 C. Berjeau. 



Fig. 4. — Modern star-fish (after Wyville Thomson). Shows typical radiation, and resembles many crystals and plants, as explained 

 under Fig. 2. 



Fig. 5. — Summit branches of Norfolk Island pine (Arauearia excc^sa), showing characteristic radiation. The .summit branches vary 

 from four to seven in number, and present a dainty, symmetrical, feathery appearance. The arrangement resembles that found in 

 crystals, animals, and parts thereof, as stated under Fig. 3. Drawn by C. Berjeau, from growing specimen in the possession of the Author. 



