52 DESIGN IN NATURE 



PLATE XXXII 



Plate xxxii. illustrates lines of force and movement as indicated by blood-vessels and electric sparks. 



Fig. 1. — Portion of the chorion of a mare injected and prepared by the Author in 1863 : preserved in the Hunterian Museum of 

 the Boyal College of Surgeons of England. Shows the extraordinary branching arrangements of the blood-vessels, resulting in an 

 exquisite network or tracery resembling that formed by the stems, branches, and twigs of trees in winter, and by the venation of leaves 

 in summer (Plate xxxiii., Fig. 3). It also resembles that seen in crystals (Plate ii.) ; dendrites (Plate xxxiv., Figs. 1 and 2) ; polypes 

 (Plate xxxvi., Figs. 1 and 3) ; ^I'owing bone (Plate xxxviii., Fig. 3) ; nerve ganglia (Plate xxxix., Fig. 2); and especially the ramifica- 

 tions of electric sparks and Rontgen ray pictures (Plate xxx., Figs. 1, 2, and 3 ; Plate xxxi., Figs. 1, 2, and 3) ; and certain forms 

 of lightning (Plate xxix., Figs. 1 and 2). From photograph by the Author. 



Fig. 2. — Remarkable lahotograph presented to the Author by Count Jodko. Shows electric sparks branching and terminating in 

 delicate feathery forms. The photograph makes visible the lines of force, motion, and light ; the bifurcations or branching being 

 characterised by enlargements which represent minor electrical discharges or explosions — the main discharges or explosions being 

 seen in the more luminous left portion of the photograph. It specially resembles the branching blood-vessels seen in Fig. 1 of this 

 Plate, and the several structures and phenomena referred to in the descrijjtion thereof. 



PLATE XXXIII 



Plate xxxiii. illustrates branching arrangements in the blood-vessels of the Uver, in a hghtning flash, and 

 in a leaf. 



Fig. 1. — Blood-vessels as seen in a transverse section of a lobule of the human liver injected (aftur Sappy). Show branching, 

 radiating, and concentric iirrangement, producing a marvellous network of capilhiries greatly resembling that seen in many crystals 

 (Plates i. and ii.) ; dendrites (Plate xxxiv., Figs. 3 and 4) ; polypes (Plates xxxv.. Figs. 3 and .5) ; the venation of leaves (Fig. 3 of this 

 figure) ; and various animal stnictures (Plate v.). a, Intr;i-lobular or hepatic vein radiating and branching to form minute capillary 

 plexuses ; b, intra-lobular or portal veins breaking up and inosculating with tlie intra-lobular ones. 



FiG. 2. — Photograph of dendritic mark..,j,. 

 electric sparks, &c. (Plates xxx., xxxi., and xxxi 

 leaves of plants (Fig. 3 of this Plate), and ' 

 Plate xxxix.. Figs. 1, 2, 4, 6, and 9). 



;iiigs produced by a lightning flash on the human arm. Resembles crystals (Plate ii.); 



;xxii.) ; dendrites (Plate xxxiv., Figs. 1 and 2 ; Plate xxxvi., Figs. 1 and 4) ; branches and 



branching structures in animals (Plate xxxvi.. Figs. 1 and 3 ; Plate xxxviii., Fig. 4 ; 



Fig. 3. — Photograph of a leaf by Count Jodko showing typical, radiating, branching "\enation similar to what occurs in crystals 

 (Plate ii.) ; electric sparks (Plate xxxi., Figs. 2 and 3 ; Plate xxxii.. Fig. 2) ; dendrites (Plate xxxiv., Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4 ; Plate xxxv,, 

 Figs. 1 and 4 ; Plate xxxvi.. Fig. 2) ; polypes (Plate xxxvi.. Fig. 1) ; and the branching structur. s in animals enumerated under Fig. 2 



of this Plate. 



PLATE XXXIV 



Plate xxxiv. illustrates radiating and branching crystallisation as seen in window-panes of houses during frost 

 and in rocks. 



Figs. 1 and 2. — Hoar-frost crystals forming branching, dendritic arrangements on window-panes and pavements in winter (from 

 photographs by Mr. J. Leadbeater). Similar dendrites are formed on stones (Plate xx.kv., Fig. 1 ; Plate xxxvi.. Fig. 2) ; on metals and 

 on ice (Plate xxxv., Fig. 4). They resemble electric sparks (Plate xxxi., Figs. 2 and 3) ; lightning flashes (Plate xxix., Figs. 1 and 2 ; 

 Plate xxxiii., Fig. 2) ; crystals (Plate ii.) ; plants (Plate xliii.. Fig. 7 ; Plate xlv., Figs. 1, 2, and 3) ; polypes (Plate xxxv.. Figs. 2, 3, and 

 5 ; Plate xxxvi., Fig. 1) ; and branching structures generally. 



Fig. 3. — Photograph l.iy Valentine of the famous " Rock and Spindle " in the vicinity of St. Andrews, Fifeshire, Scotland. Displays 

 a remarkable radiating crystallic arrangement j'esembling a huge wheel with prominent spokes. The Rock and Spindle belongs to the 

 Plutonic system of rocks, and is situated on the seashore ; its base being immersed at each rise of the tide. Resembles many crystals 

 (Plates i. and ii. ; Plate xxv., Fig. 1) ; electric sparks (Plate xxxi., Figs. 2 and 3) ; dendrites (Plate xxxv.. Figs. 1 and 4, andFig. 4 of 

 this Plate) ; flowers (Plate xxv.. Figs. 3 and 8 ; Plate xxvi., Fig. 1) ; trees (Plate xxviii.. Figs. 3 and 5) ; polypes (Plate xxxv., Figs. 2, 

 4, 5, anil 6 ; Plate xxxv.. Fig. 5) ; sea anemones (Plate xxvii., Fig. 4) ; star-fishes (Pl.ite xxvi.. Fig. 2 ; Phite xxviii.. Figs. 2 and 4) ; and 

 the several parts of animals (Plate v., B, C, F, H, L, S, Q, W, and 0). 



Fig. 4. — Photograish by Mr. Alexander Thoms of beautiful radiating dendrites on a mineral in his possession. All that is said 

 under Fig. 3 applies to this figure. 



PLATE XXXV 



Plate xxxv. illustrates radiating, branching, concentric, and segmented arrangements in dendrites, in 

 polypes, &c. 



Fig. 1. — Photograph of dendritic manganese on lithographic limestone. Shows radiating, branching arrangement so common in 

 electric sparks, lightning flashes, hoar-frost pictures, crystals, plants and trees of all kinds, and animals and parts of animals where 

 there is division and branching of parts. From specimen in the Collection of Scottish Minerals in the Museum of Science and Art 

 Edinburgh. Photographed for the Author by George Rodger. ' 



