6o DESIGN IN NATURE 



PLATE XXXVIII 



Plate xxxviii. illustrates branching and radiating arrangements in muscle, blood-vessels, bone, and nerve 

 ganglion. 



Fig. 1.— Spindle-shaped nucleated cells occurring in involuntary rausculai- fibres (after Arnold). 



A. Muscular fibre treated with serum. 



B. Muscular filjres from the intestine isolated by means of nitric acid. 



C. Dichotomously divided muscular fibres from a pleuritic membrane. 



Fig. 2. — Branching capillary blood-vessels (after Strieker). 



A. Capillaries from intestine of snail, irregularly lobed cells (a). 



B. Small capillaries with futiform cells (h) from mesentery of Leuciscus. 



0, Capillaries of the pecten of the eye of the bird, exhibiting polygonal cells (c) ; the hyaloid memlirane covering the capillaries 

 is given at d. 



-piG. 3.— Bone tvabeoulse with osteoblastic layer, from the parietal bone of a human enibyro :it the fifth month (after EoUet). 

 Shows radiating arrangement, a, Cells (odeohlads) crowded and undergoing ossification, more advanced at b, where radiating and 

 branching occurs ; c, trabecular matrix in which cells occur. 



Fig. 4.— Multipolar ganglion (nerve) cell from the anterior horn of the spinal cord of an ox (after Strieker). Shows radiating, 

 branching, and concentric arrangements. The ganglion contains a nucleus and nucleolus. This form of nerve centre virtually 

 discharges brain functions, and may not inaptly be designated a brninlet. a, Axis cylinder process ; b, c, d, e, branched pro- 

 cesses, X .300. 



PLATE XXXIX 



Plate xxxix. illustrates radiating, brancbing arrangements in the human skin, gangUa, and nerve baskets, 

 the mesentery, and papillae of tongue. 



Fig. 1.— Section of the skin of the hand magnified twenty times (modified from Hirschfeld and Leveille). Shows radiating, 

 liranching, and spiral structures. 



A. a, Horny, and ft, mucous layers of the epidermis; c, corium ; i/, panniculus adiposus; e, fat cells; /, spiral sweat glands 

 opening on surface at y, g, g ; li,, nerve ending in Pacinian bodies (i) ; j, nerves ending in loops ; k, nerves encfing in free ends ; 

 I, capillary plexus of vessels. 



B. a, Two collateral nerve branches from the palmar su if ace of the index finger; ft. Pacinian or touch corpuscles attached tn 

 said nerves, natural size. 



C. Pacinian corpuscles magnified 100 times, a, Nerve with sheath (ft) ; c, free end of nerve surrounded by fluid ; d, ca]isule. 



Fig. 2. — NerA'e baskets from spinal cord of ox (after Gerlach). Show radiating and concentric arrangements, a, Nerve filire 

 dividing into two branches (ft, ft) which communicate with the plexuses of nerve fibres (c, c) in connection with the two nerve cells 

 (rf, d). Prepared with carmine and ammonia, from the spinal cord of an ox, x 150. 



Fig. 3. — Miliola {Proto::oa). Shows radiation and branching of sarcode (Chapman). 



Fig. 4.— Loop of human intestine with mesentery. vShows radiating and branching arrangements in the blood-vessels and 

 lymphatics, a, Artery; ft, vein; c, lymphatic gland ; d, lymphatic vessels. Drawn by C. Berjeau for the Author. 



Fig. 5. — Granite veins traversing gneiss. Cape "Wrath (Lyell). Shows radiation and branching as in blood-vessels. 



Fig. 6. — Fossil crinoid {Cyatltocriniis planus, Jliller). Body and arms. Mountain limestone. Shows radiation and branching as in 

 trees and blood-vessels. 



Fig. 7. — Fossil corals. 



A. (Lonsdcdeia floriformis, M. Edwards). Young specimen, with buds or corallites on the disc. 



B. (Lithostrotiun floriforme, Fleming). Part of a full-grown compound mass. Shows radiation and budding, and how the 

 buds or corallites become hexagonal-shaped from growth and jjressure as in epithelium pigment of liver cells, &c. (after Lyell). 



Fig. 8. — Gromia terricola (after Leidy). A rudimentary animal which has the power of projecting and withdrawing its bodv 

 substance (sarcode) by voluntary centrifugal and centripetal movements. Similar movements occur in the sarcoua elements of 

 voluntary muscle. The projected sarcode forms a radiating netwdi-k, and represents lines of movement and force analogous to those seen 

 in electric sparks (Plate xxxi., Figs. 2 and 3). The animal as a whole affords a good example of radiating, branching, concentric 

 arrangements. 



Fig. 9. — A. Section of circumvallate papillse of human tongue, x 150. a, Epithelium ; ft, taste bud ; c, injected blood-vessels • 

 (/, corium ; c, gland with duct (after Heitzmann). 



B. Section of fungiform papillce of tongue with blood-vessels injected, u, Epithelium; ft, corium ; c, blood-vessels ; d, lymiihoid 

 tissue ; c, muscular fibre (after Heitzmann). 



C. Section of two filiform ]iapillfe of tongue. Lettering same as in B (after Hartmann). 



D. Two filiform papilla? ; tlie one with the epithelium and the blood-vessels injected, the other without. «, Substance of papiihx) 

 divided at their upper extremities into secondary papillse ; ft, epithelial ro^ering, laminated portion, between the papillfe but 

 exiended into hair-like processes over the secondary papillre (c) ; d, i', artery and vein. Show radiating, branched arrangements. 



