ADVANCE IN LOWER PLANT AND ANIMAL FORMS 163 



The food enters the body of the monad as fine, floating particles. Within the body the particles become massed 

 into round cellular-looking bodies known as food globules, which vary in number according to the amount of food 

 ingested at any one time. The carmine -stained food granules shine through the transparent body of the monad and 

 are strongly pronounced. 



The collared monad reproduces itself variously : by transverse division, by longitudinal division, by combined 

 transverse and longitudinal division, by swarming, and by assuming an amorphous amoebic condition. The last form 

 of reproduction is at once striking, suggestive, and instructive, as it presents the case of a living form which in 

 the adult condition has a well-defined outline and simple structure, both of which wholly disappear during repro- 

 duction. In the amcebic form of reproduction there is, as it were, a harking back to a simpler condition. The 

 same holds true, within limits, of reproduction in the higher animals. The higher animals, one and all, produce 

 separate sexual elements in which no trace of structure, in the ordinary sense, can be detected. These elements 

 when they come together merge and blend, and form an amorphous mass which divides and subdivides to produce 

 the blastodermic membrane from which, ultimately, all the structures of the body are developed. The higher, as 

 well as the lower animals, return to a humble platform for a fresh start. But, and this is an all-important point, 

 alike in the monad and the man, the potentialities of the future being are present, and can always be relied on 

 to reproduce the new being on the exact pattern of the old. 



From what has been stated, it will be evident that in the lowly collared monad the scheme of animal life, as 

 a whole, is not only distinctly foreshadowed, but a working model provided. 



The monad is furnished with the means of voluntarily supplying itself with food. It displays various kinds 

 of movements. It can ingest and egest. It can reproduce itself and perform the several functions of life with 

 absolute certainty. 



The higher Infusoria will tell their own tale and teach their own lesson in the annexed plates with their 

 accompanying letterpress (vide Plates Ixxiii., Ixxiv., and Ixxv.). 



PLATE LXV 



The figures in this plate show a wonderful diversity and differentiation in the pollen, anthers, and other parts 

 of plants connected with reproduction. The shapes, markings, and divisions are very striking, and some beautiful 

 examples of globular, concentric, radiating, branched, curved, and spiral arrangements are to be noted. 



Fig. 1. — a, b, Spiral tissue of lining of anther from wall-floAxer {Chciraiithtix Cheiri). 



Fig. 2. — Spiral tissue of lining of anther from London Pride (Haxifraya iimbrosa). 



Fig. 3. — Spiral tis.sue of lining of antlier from Lajiinus nanus. 



Fig. 4. — Spiral tissue of lining of anther from a cactus {Ga-eus upecionus) ; a, side view ; b, as seen from above. Show radiation 

 from central point. 



Fig. 5. — Spiral tissue of lining of anther from daisy {Bellis permnis). 



Fig. 6. — Pollen of Viola odorata; a, side view ; b, end view with threefold division ; c, as moistened by water. 



Fig. 7. — Pollen of Fcriploca grieca. Shows fourfold division of parts. 



Fig. 8. — Pollen of Apocynum venetum, showing fourfold division of parts. 



Fig. 9. — Pollen of daisy (Bellu pcreiuiix) sparsely covered with short spines. 



Fig. 10. — Pollen of MesembrtjanthcmuiK covered with aborted spines. 



Fig. 11. — Pollen of Alisma Plantagu with small circular markings. 



Fig. 12. — Pollen of Lwpinus nanus showing spindle-shaped tesselated pattern. 



Fig. 13. — Triangular-shaped pollen of Epilobium inontannm with pores at angles. 



Fig. 14. — Round indented pollen of garden geranium (Pelatyonium speci(isum). d, Fiont view ; b, side vie^^•. 



Fig. 15.— Beautifully marked pollen of passion-Hower (Passiflnr<i. aeridea) ; a, perfect grain ; b, perfect grain with raised lid 

 and jiore opening. 



Fig. 16. — Pollen of Scorzonera hispaniia with symmetrical ridge-pattern. 



Fig. 17. — Pollen of Erica muUiflora divided into three parts. 



Fig. 18. — Pollen of Impatiims Noli-taiujere with pores. 



Fig. 19.— Spindle-shaped pollen of Fassiflora aipdleyisefuliu. a, Side \iew ; b, end view ; c, as moistened by water. Show 

 radiating symmetrical patterns. 



Fig. 20. — Pollen of Hibiscus Trionum .showing conical spines and pores. 



Fig. 21.— Pollen of musk-plant (Mimulus moschahts). Displays beautiful spiral arrangement. Compare with spiral oogonium 

 of Chara {Chara eladica), Fig. 10. 



