NEW VIEW OF THE MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION 



lOl 



increase in number by bipartition. When this takes place the flagellum is first withdrawn, and the swarm-cell 

 assumes a globular form ; it then elongates, and a constriction occurs at right angles to the long axis. Meanwhile 

 the nucleus is passing through the process of division by karyokinesis, and in the course of a few minutes the two 

 halves of the nuclear plate separate and retreat to the opposite ends of the constricted cell, which now divides into 

 two-; each segment soon acquires a flagellum, and resumes the former active state. 



" In all cultivations of germinating spores a number of the swarm-cells, after a short time of activity, become 

 encysted in a globular form as microcysts. In this state they may remain dry for several days, but on water being 

 added the cyst-wall is ruptured and the contents creep out and assume again the motile condition. Frequently the 

 entire group of swarm-cells will change to microcysts, and reawaken in the course of two or three days while still 

 immersed in water. A few days after the germination of the spores, the process of bipartition, by which the number 

 of swarm-cells has greatly increased, ceases. The majority now withdraw the flagellum, and adopt true amoeboid 



Fre. 58. 



Fig. 58. — Illustrates the history of certain British Mycetozoa. 



A. Didymium difforme (Duby). a, Spore ; h, swarm-cell escaping from the spore-case ; c, newly hatched swarm-cell containing a 

 nucleus and three vacuoles ; d, flagellated swarm-cell ; e, swarm-cell, with two vacuoles containing bacteria and produced at the 

 posterior end into pseudopodia, to one of which a bacterium is attached ; /, amoeboid swarm-cell. Magnified 4.50 times. 



B. Amaurochcete atra (Rost). a to /, Successive stages in bipartition of swarm-cell, accompanied by the division of the nucleus 

 by karyokinesis. Magnified 800 times. Drawn from stained preparations in Canada balsam. 



0. Didymium difforme (Duby). Young plasmodium, with attendant amoeboid swarm-cells, some of which have turned into 

 microcysts (m) ; one microcyst is being digested in a vacuole (r). An empty spore-shell is shown at s. Magnified 300 times. 



D. Badhamia utricularis (Berk.). Group of nuclei from, actively feeding plasmodium that covered two pilei of Aiirlcularia in 

 fourteen hours, showing the irregular size of the nuclei and large nucleoli. Stained in picro-carmine and mounted in Canada 

 balsam. Magnified 800 times. 



E. Badhamia utricularis (Berk.). Division of nuclei by karyokinesis in the streaming plasmodium. Magnified 800 times. From 

 a preparation stained in safianin, and mounted in Canada balsam. 



F. Comatricha oUusata (Preuss). From a stained preparation of a young sporangium, showing the plasmodium separated into 

 rounded masses about groups of nuclei, which are dividing by karyokinesis ; the nuclear division has reached the " spindle stao-e." 

 The spindles are seen in profile in all cases but one, in which the equatorial plate is seen from one of the poles of the spindle. 

 Magnified 800 times. 



movements. These amoeboid bodies collect in clusters, and coalesce to form plasmodia, which may be described 

 as masses of naked protoplasm abounding in nuclei and more or less coloured granules. The nuclei at this early 

 stage appear to be those of the individual swarm-cells which have fused together. Careful investigations lead to the 

 conclusion that the vast multipHcation of nuclei which takes place during the growth of the plasmodium results 

 from simple division. Apparently one instance only of division by karyokinesis in this stage of the plasmodium 

 has been recorded, and of this observation permanent preparations are preserved. As the plasmodium increases 

 in bulk by the ingestion of nutritive matter and by the union of small plasmodia, it acquires the remarkable stream- 

 ing movement peculiar to itself. It penetrates the substance of dead wood or spreads over the surface of dead 

 leaves, bark, &c., in a network of veins, taking a somewhat fan-shaped outline (Fig. 59, B, C, D, E). Through these 

 veins the more fluid matter in the interior streams constantly in a rhythmic flow. The current continues in one 



