A CREATOR AND DESIGNER NECESSARY TO UNIVERSE 349 



wholly identical substances in the inorganic and organic kingdoms only repetition, as apart from differentiation, 

 can result. There is no universal matter, dead or living, which, being absolutely homogeneous and identical in 

 all its parts and particles, can of itself, and by itself, produce the various substances met with in the inorganic 

 kingdom, and in the several plants and animals found in the organic kingdom. The differentiation of matter and 

 force is fundamental ahke in the inorganic and organic Idngdoms. The so-called affinities in chemistry favour 

 this beUef. We have proof of it also in the histories of the spores, germs, and seeds of plants ; in the eggs and 

 ova of animals ; and in the peculiar properties of the male and female elements on which reproduction depends. 

 The reproductive elements, whether consisting of germs, seeds, eggs, or ova, self-fertilising or otherwise, vary 

 infinitely as to their ultimate substance, and this variation or differentiation can alone account for the bewilder- 

 ing multitude of plants and animals on the earth. It is not otherwise possible to explain how from one seed 

 proceeds a hchen, from another a fern, from another an oak ; or how from one ovum emerges a fish, from another 

 a reptile, from another a bird, and from another a mammal. Neither the microscope nor chemical analysis can 

 detect the differentiation here referred to, but that it exists cannot be doubted when the final results are duly 

 considered. The conditions of reproduction are, in numerous cases, nearly, if not altogether, identical, but the 

 reproductions are as the poles asunder. Mere force, however gentle or violent, cannot convert practically identical 

 matter into anything other than itself. This goes without saying. Heat, light, electricity, and other forms of 

 motion, while within Umits convertible, do not destroy the substances on which they act, and which they influence 

 to a greater or less extent. At one time, and indeed till very recently, protoplasm was regarded as a simple, wholly 

 undifferentiated organic substance whose parts and particles were identical in ultimate composition. Protoplasm is 

 now known to be reticulated and to vary considerably in chemical composition. The difficulties involved in 

 the differentiation of plants and animals during development are not overcome by saying that one change 

 begets another, and that one set of conditions inaugurates others in endless succession, until the several 

 plants and animals with their various organs are completed. To get the initial changes and conditions 

 which inaugurate successive developments there must be plurality and heterogeneity of both matter and 

 force. Of simple ultimate matter and force we have no knowledge. All our instruments of research, the micro- 

 scope, the telescope, chemical analysis, the spectroscope, the polariscope, &c., reveal not one kind of matter 

 but a great and ever-increasing variety of matter. Already there are over seventy known elements, and 

 these will doubtless be added to as time advances. Within the last few years no fewer than four new gases 

 have been discovered (Argon, Helium, Krypton, and Zeon), and some new metals, notably Eadium.^ The tend- 

 ency is not in the direction of simphcity as regards matter and force, but complexity ; the complexity being 

 of a very bewildering kind, as manifested more especially in heat, fight, magnetism, electricity, wireless and 

 other telegraphy, ether in its several phases, optics, acoustics, Becquerel, Hertz, Rontgen, and other rays, to 

 say nothing of the dehcate sensitiveness of the plates employed in terrestrial, celestial, and other photography. 

 The extraordinary powers possessed by radium (one of the new metals) have invested matter and force with 

 untold possibifities and an ever-increasing interest. Radium apparently presents the unique phenomenon of an 

 element breaking up or disintegrating and emitting streams of matter and force, which for intensity are altogether 

 unparalleled. 



The radio-active elements and their emanations are opening up what is practically a new field in physics. The 

 properties of these elements investigated by Plucker, Hittorf, Crookes, Curie, Lodge, Rutherford, Ramsay, and 

 others can be exhibited in the laboratory. By means of a vertical glass vacuum tube 18 inches long and an inch 

 wide, connected at top and bottom with the negative and positive poles of an electric battery, electric sparks (arti- 

 ficial lightning) can be transmitted ; these causing the interior of the tube to glow with a beautiful rose-coloured 

 shimmer. Sir WilUam Crookes demonstrated that each particular substance gives out its own special radiance. 

 Thus alumina gives a deep red flare, the sulphate of zinc a rich green, a portion of calc-spar a fine crimson, and so 

 on. Something hke a stream of radiance rushes through the glass tube. According to Crookes there proceeds 

 from the negative pole or cathode, a shower of amazingly minute particles, not beams of fight, but things, which carry 

 negative electricity. They can even be made to propel a miniature wheel on rails within the tube. When the 

 electric current is turned on, the little wheel travels briskly. The inference is, that whatever the nature of electricity 

 the so-called cathode-rays are things, particles, or corpuscles, substantial entities. As proving the substantial or 

 material nature of the rays they can be deflected or bent by the aid of a magnet appUed outside the glass tube. 

 Certain rays cannot be so deflected. In these cases they are regarded as rays of fight. This is true of Rontgen's 

 X-rays. As the X-rays cannot be deflected by the magnet they are befieved to be not matter, but waves m the ether 

 that fills all space. In this connection M. Henri Becquerel made an important discovery, namely, that the metal 



' Argon was discovered by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay jointly in 1894, Helium and Krypton by Sir William Ramsay, Zeon by 

 Sir William Ramsay and Mr. Travers, and Radium by M. and Mme. Curie at a later date. 



