DIVISION OF LABOUR IN RELATION TO DESIGN 357 



germs, seeds, and eggs, and of original capacity for development in specific directions in every part of every plant 

 and animal existing on the earth. 



What is true of the several systems of animals is also true of their sense organs. These are all formed before 

 they are called upon to act. The eye is developed before it is exposed to the light ; the ear before it is acted upon 

 by a sounding body ; the nostrils before they come into contact with smelling particles ; the mouth before it is 

 supphed with sapid substances (food) ; and the skin before it receives impacts from the outer world. The young 

 animal, if deprived of its sense organs, would, in a great measure, be helpless and very inadequately equipped to cope 

 with the exigencies of life. The sense organs are prepared by nature in advance, and for the express purpose of 

 making the animal superior to its surroundings and master of the situation. The sense organs grow and develop 

 because of powers inhering in the impregnated ovum. They are not caused by externahties : Hght does not form 

 the eye ; sound the ear ; odoriferous particles the nose ; sapid substances the mouth ; and the outer world the 

 skin. Neither are the sense organs the product of voluntary effort on the part of the sentient animals themselves. 



The facts revealed by development unequivocally point to a First Cause and design, and it is mere perversion 

 to attribute any one of them to chance. It is also, in my opinion, impossible to account for them by " natural 

 selection " and " evolution," if by this is meant the manufacture of an animal out of a plant or of the several races 

 of animals out of each other. Such a process must be inaugurated, regulated, and supervised by an omnipresent, 

 intelhgent Agent. These statements are not met by saying that rudimentary forms develop by accident or by effort, 

 and by increments throughout the ages. There is no proof of this. The several types of animals are provided 

 from the first with the organs (sense and otherwise) which adapt them to their surroundings and their peculiar 

 modes of life. That the sense and other organs of the higher animals are not evolved from the rudimentary sense 

 and other organs of the lower ones is evident from this, that many of the lower forms have certain of their organs 

 more highly developed than are the corresponding organs of the higher animals. 



The sense organs are as truly original endowments as the organs of locomotion, whether these consist of suckers, 

 cilia, feet, legs, hands, arms, fins, flippers, propelling tails, or wings. To say that rudimentary animals develop by 

 accident or by volimtary effort during untold ages the organs on which their very existence depends is to reverse 

 the order of nature. Such belief takes for granted a period of probation for the development of the organs during 

 which the animals would be helpless, and, for the most part, starve. Animals live because the sense organs and 

 organs of locomotion enable them to detect and to secure food. Where would a fish be as regards its food supply 

 if deprived of its eyes and of its tail and fins, or a bird if deprived of its keen sight, wings, and legs, or a mammal 

 if deprived of its eyes, ears, feet, legs, hands, and arms 1 



All animals move freely about in search of food, and their sense organs and organs of locomotion are, in every 

 instance, adapted to their pecuhar mode of life.^ 



The electric organ of the electric fish affords a good example of a large special structure which, strictly speak- 

 ing, is not necessary to the fish as such. It is an original endowment ; its function being one of defence and attack. 

 It cannot be accounted for either by " natural selection " or " evolution." The development of such a large heavy 

 structure by increments extending over long intervals and before it was of use would have been an incubus and 

 burden to the fish which it could scarcely have survived. Its development pari passu with the other parts of the 

 fish entails no burden. The structure and function keep abreast of each other, and are mutually explanatory. 



The sense and travelling organs of animals are, in the majority of cases, due to infoldings of the sldn and out- 

 growths from the body, but the essentials of the infoldings and outgrowths are in the body itself. It is not con- 

 ceivable that a fish could voluntarily develop eyes and a swimming tail and fins at discretion, or a bird and bat their 

 eyes, ears, and highly complex and wonderfully differentiated wings, or a quadruped its five senses and beautifully 

 devised, cunningly constructed legs, joints, and feet. Still less is it conceivable that these remarkable structures 

 could be developed by accident from extraneous matter, that is, from the substances with which they come in con- 

 tact, or the media on which they act. Animals cannot develop their sense and travelhng organs by efforts of will, 

 however long continued ; neither can they be developed accidentally by environment. The only possible explana- 

 tion is that they are original creations. As a matter of fact, the sense and travelhng organs are necessary to the 

 continuation of life, in the same way that the molecules, cells, germs, seeds, and eggs are necessary to the beginnings 

 of life. The sense organs and organs of locomotion are original endowments, specially provided to enable animals 

 to maintain their places in nature. 



It is a remarkable fact that the several orders of animals, and each order separately, conform as regards their 

 travelling organs to the requirements of their physical surroundings. Thus the animals which confine their move- 

 ments mainly to the land are distinguished by small feet ; those which swim have expanded feet, flippers, fins, or 



' In the case of plants and the more stationary animals the food either invests them or is brought to them by prc-determiued arrangements. 

 The jilant and stationary animal are jirovided for even in the absence of a locomotory apparatus. 



