382 DESIGN IN NATURE 



Evolution, as indicated, is naturally divided into an ancient and modern form, and comes into operation when- 

 ever an attempt is made to obtain complex substances or beings from simple substances by an immeasurable series 

 of slight modifications said to extend over practically unlimited periods. The ancient and modern theories of 

 evolution are both faulty, and fail us at the most critical point, namely, where the simple substance is said to be 

 converted into the complex one, and where differentiation is held first to make its appearance. 



There are two phases of development with which the ancient and modern doctrines of evolution are altogether 

 inadequate to deal. They have completely failed to explain the existence of type and the persistence of type. 

 Neither can they account for the general plan and design which everywhere obtain in nature. Those who are 

 opposed to evolution in all its forms not unnaturally inquire. How can plants and animals which vary to quite an 

 extraordinary extent in ultimate composition be produced from an ovum which is, in all its parts and particles, 

 homogeneous and simple, that is, undifferentiated ? They say, and say truly, that complex plants and animals 

 can only be produced from compound, heterogeneous substances ; in other words, from substances which are them- 

 selves directly or indirectly multiple. The compound matter, according to them, is necessary to the production of 

 the compound plant and animal at the outset, and at every stage of its career. 



The only question which now remains is as to whether the ovum is a microcosm, that is, a miniature structure 

 where all the parts composing it are present at one and the same time ; or a conglomerate, consisting of many parts 

 where only certain of them are in evidence at any particular period ; these forming the foundations and scaffolding 

 for the others, which appear in succession at intervals in a given order, until the compound plant or animal is 

 produced. In the one case, the plant and the animal are the outcome of one continuous set of changes or develop- 

 ments ; in the other, of several sets of consecutive changes or developments. 



According to the supporters of evolution in its most ancient and widest sense there is one long continuous act 

 of development ; simple matter having impressed upon it at the outset certain tendencies which inevitably result 

 in differentiation in a particular direction, and which finally produce the perfected plant and animal. Otherwise 

 stated, the original ovum has in itself certain potentiahties which it has no power to resist, and which act in specific 

 directions in the production of plants and animals according to types. Evolutionists seek to explain types for the 

 most part by chance, and as apart from a First Cause, a pre-arranged plan, and design. To all such views, if the 

 Deity be excluded, I am wholly opposed. 



These opinions are further discussed in other parts of the work, and the illustrations connected with them have 

 an interest all their own, and should be carefully examined and studied. 



PLATE LXXXVI 

 Plate Ixxxvi. shows various kinds of ova and the changes occurring in them before and after impregnation. 



Ovarian ovum of a mammal (A, B, C). 



A. Entire ovum seen under pressure, a, Zona pellucida or radiata ; h, yolk substance and protoplasm ; c, germinal vesicle 

 witli germinal spot. 



B. a, Zona pellucida burst by pressure ; h, yolk substance and protoplasm escaped ; 1;, germinal vesicle set free. 



C. Germinal vesicle with thin coating of yolk substance (after Allan Thomson). 



D. Ovum of cat greatly magnified and semi-diagrammatic, a, Zona pellucida or radiata showing radiated structure ; b, yolk or 

 vitellus invested with delicate membrane ; c, germinal vesicle ; d, germinal spot (after E. A. SchJifer). 



E. Diagram of a holoblastic (alecithal) ovum, h, c, Germinal vesicle and germinal speck. 



P. Ditto of a meroblastic (telolecithal) ovum. In these figures the nutritive part of the yolk appears as clear globules (6). At 

 F, it is seen in excess unless in vicinity of germinal vesicle (c), where the protoplasm abounds (after E. A. Schafer). 



G. Ovum of rabbit from Fallopian tube twelve hours after impregnation. Shows formation of polar globules, a, Zona pellu- 

 cida with spermatozoa (male elements) ; h, vitellus or yolk ; c, perivitelline space with spermatozoa : d, polar globules extruded 

 from vitellus (after Bischoflf). 



H. Formation of first polar globule in egg of Ascaris megahceplwla. a, Zona pellucida; /(, yolk substance and protoplasm • 

 f, germinal vesicle converted into spindle of achromatic fibrils with fibrils radiating into the protoplasm ; d, eight portions of 

 chromatin ; e, head of spermatozoon becoming male pronucleus. 



I. Shows the eight chromatin particles separated into two sets, a, Zona pellucida ; h, yolk and protoplasm considerably 

 shrunken ; d, the two sets of chromatin particles. 



J. Shows separation and extrusion into perivitelline space of halt of germinal vesicle (four outer chromatin particles) with 

 portion of protoplasm to form polar globule, a, Zona pellucida ; h, yolk protoplasm ; d, half of germinal vesicle with four chromatic 

 particles extruded into perivitelline space ; e, line of division (V. Genuchten). 



K. Formation of second polar globule in Ascaria meijalocephala. a, Zona pellucida; h, yolk substance and protoplasm- c 

 position occupied by extruded first polar globule ; d, spindle of achromatic fibrils with four chromatin particles at equator formed 

 by remaining half of germinal vesicle. 



L. a, Zona pellucida ; r, first polar globule ; d, y-shaped spindle of fibrils with chromatin particles approaching surface of 

 ovum ; e, male pronucleus formed from spermatozoon. 



M. Extrusion of remaining half of germinal vesicle commenced, a, Zona pellucida ; c, first polar globule ; 7, partial extrusion 

 of second polar globule. 



