ORGANS OF EEPRODUCTION. l7l 



Ilex paraguensis ; Theobromin in the seeds of Theobroma Cacao or 

 chocolate ; besides numerous others of less importance. These Alka- 

 loids are often found in plants having poisonous properties. 



Colouring matters are furnished by many plants, either directly 

 or by a process of fermentation. Yellow colouring matters are procured 

 from the roots of Curcuma longa (turmeric), from the pulp surround- 

 ing the seeds of Bixa orellana (arnotto), from the Ceylon Gamboge 

 plant (Hebradendron Cambogioides), and various species of Garcinia, 

 as Garcinia Cambogia and' elliptica, from the flowers of Carthamus 

 tuictorius (saflower), from the stigmata of Crocus sativus (saflfron), 

 from a kind of Mulberry (Morus tinctoria), from Eeseda Luteola 

 (weld), and from some Lichens, as Parmelia parietina (parietin or 

 chrysophanic acid). Bed colouring matters are produced from the root 

 of Anchusa tinctoria (alkanet), from Pterocarpus santalinus, Dracaena 

 Draco (dragon's-blood), the root of Eubia tinctorum or madder (aliza- 

 rin), the root of Morinda citrifolia (sooranjee), from Hsematoxylon 

 campechianum (logwood), Csesalpinia braziliana (BrazU wood), Cam- 

 wood, Carthamus tinctorius (darthamine), and from some Lichens, as 

 Roccella tinctoria (archil and litmus). Blue colouring matters are 

 furnished by the flowers and fruits of many plants, and from the leaves 

 of some, by chemical action. Indigo, a most valuable dye, is procured 

 by fermentation from various species of Indigofera, as Indigofera tinc- 

 toria. Anil, cserulea and argentea, as well as from Wrightia tinctoria, 

 Marsdenia tinctoria, Nerium tihctorium, Gymnema tingens, and Isatis 

 tinctoria, etc. The plants in full flower are cut and put into vats 

 with water, fermentation takes place, and a peculiar substance is 

 formed, which, by absorption of oxygen, becomes blue. The best and 

 the largest quantity of indigo is produced on the Delta of the Ganges. 

 Several Lichens yield nitrogenous colouring matters, which give blue 

 and purple colours with alkalies, etc. Lecanora tartarea yields cud- 

 bear (Gyrophoric acid). This acid also exists in Gyrophora pustulata. 



Section III. — Organs of Reproduction. 



Structure, Arrangement, and Functions. 



The reproductive organs consist of the flower and its appendages, 

 the essential parts being the stamens and pistil. When the flower, or 

 at least the essential organs, |are conspicuous, the plants are called 

 Phanerogamous (ipuvigbs, conspicuous, and yoc/iog, union or marriage), or 

 Flowering plants ; when they are inconspicuous, the plants are Orypto- 

 gamous (x^vTTThs, concealed, and ydfiog, union or marriage), or Flower- 

 less plants. The former include Exogens and Endogens, the latter 

 Acrogens and Cellular plants. On careful examination it will be 



