210 COEOLLINE APPENDAGES. 



been called nectaries, are mere modifications of some part of the 

 flower, especially of the corolla and stamens, produced either by 

 degeneration or outgrowth, or by a process of dilamination (dis, 

 separate, and lamina, a blade), or chm-isis {xu^'Z,i>', I separate). This 

 process, called also deduplication, consists in the separation of a layer 

 from the inner side of a petal, either presenting a peculiar form, or 

 resembling the part from which it is derived. The parts thus pro- 

 duced are not alternate with the petals or the segments of the corolla, 

 but opposite to them. In these cases, the petals at the lower part 

 consist of one piece, but where the limb and claw separate, or where 

 the tube ends, the vascular layer splits into two, and thus two lamina 

 are formed, one posteriorly and the other anteriorly. These scales are 

 well seen in Lychnis (fig. 334 a), Silene, Cynoglossum, and Eanun- 

 culus, and may be considered as formed in the same way as the ligule 

 of grasses (fig. 210, p. 99). Corollas having these scaly appendages 

 are sometimes denominated appendiculate. In other cases, as in Cus- 

 cuta and Samolus, the scales are alternate with the petals, and may 

 represent altered stamens. The formation of these scales is referred 

 to under the section of Morphology and Symmetry. 



The parts formerly called nectaries are mere modifications of the 

 corolla or stamens. Thus the so-called horn-like nectaries under the 

 galeate sepal of Aconite (fig. 308, p. 202), are modified petals, so also are 

 the tubular nectaries of Hellebore. The nectaries of Menyanthes and of 

 Iris consist of hairs developed on the petals. Those 

 of Parnassia (fig. 335 n), and of the Passion-flower, 

 Stapelia, Asclepias, and Canna, are fringes, rays, 

 and processes, which are probably modifications 

 of stamens ; and some consider the crown of Nar- 

 cissus as consisting of a membrane similar to that 

 which unites the stamens in Pancratium. It is 

 sometimes difficult to say whether these nectaries 

 are to be referred to the corolline or to the staminal 

 row. The paraphyses of the Passion-floWer, the 

 crown of Narcissus, and the coronet of Stapelia, 

 ■p. ggj are referred sometimes to the one and sometimes 



to the other. In general, they may be said to 

 belong to that series with which they are immediately connected. 

 Some have given names indicating the parts of which they are modi- 

 fications, by prefixing the term para {''raga, beside, or close to), using 

 such terms as paracoroUa and parastemones. 



Petals are attached to the axis usually by a narrow base, but 



Fig. 335. Petal, p, of Parnassia palustris, or grass of Parnassus, with a so-called nectary, 

 rt, which may be an abortive state of some of the stamens, or a process from the petals, 

 surmounted by stalked glands. 



