308 



CARPOLOGY. 



are seen in Omithopus, Hedysarum (fig. 556), Entada, Coronilla, and 

 the Gum-arabic plant (Acacia arahica), in -which each seed is con- 

 tained in a separate division, the partitions being formed by the 

 folding in of the sides of the pericarp, and distinct separations 

 taking place at these partitions by what has been termed solubility. 

 The name schizocarp has been also applied to such fruits. In 

 Cathartocarpus Fistula transverse partitions occur without exhibit- 

 ing evident separations of the parts externally. Some look upon 

 these pods as formed by pinnate leaves folded, and the divisions 

 as indicating the points where the different pairs of pinnae are 

 united. Dehiscence may also be effected by partial openiags 

 in the pericarp, called pores, which are situated either at the 



apex,' base, or side. In the Poppy 

 (fig. 444, p. 249) the opening takes 

 place by numerous pores under the 

 peltate processes bearing the stigmas. 

 In Campanulas there are irregular 

 openings towards the middle or base 

 (fig. 557 t), which pierce the pericarp. 

 In Progsmouth or Snapdragon (fig. 

 558) the pericarp gives way at 

 certain fixed points, forming two or 

 three orifices, one of which corresponds 

 to the upper carpel, and the other to 

 the lower. These orifices have a 

 ragged appearance at the margins, which has given rise to the name 

 rupturing, as applied to this mode of dehiscence. 



Oahpology. — Much has been done of late in the study of car- 

 pology (xa^mi, fruit, and Xoy og, discourse), or the formation of the 

 fruit ; but much still remaius to be done ere the terminology of this 

 department is complete. Many classifications of fruits have been 

 given, but they are confessedly imperfect, and unfortunately much 

 confusion has arisen in consequence of the same names having been 

 applied to different kinds of fruit. In many cases, therefore, it is 

 necessary to give a description of a fruit in place of using any single 

 term. There are, however, some names in general use, and others 

 which have been carefully defined, to which it is necessary to direct 

 attention. 



Fruits may be formed by one flower, or they may be the pro- 

 Fig. 557. Capsule of Campanula persicifolia, opening by holes or pores, ( t, alDove tlie 

 middle, c. Persistent calyx, separating above the pericai-p, p, into five acute segments, in 

 the midst of which is seen the withered and plaited corolla, in the form of indnviae, a. The 

 holes perforate the walls of the pericarp. Fig. 568. Capsule of Antirrhinum majus. Frogs- 

 mouth, after dehiscence, c c. Persistent calyx, p. Pericarp perforated near the summit by 

 three holes, ( (, two of which correspond to one of the loculaments, and one to the other. 

 The apex of the capsule is acuminated by the remains of the persistent style, s. 



Fig. 667. 



Fig. 568. 



