DIFJfEEENT MODES OF GKAJFTING. 325 



White Pine (Abies pectinata), and sometimes in the Red Pine (Ahies 

 &xelsa), as well as in the Scotch Fir {Pinus syhestris) and the Larch 

 (Larix europcea). 



The usual method of grafting is by scions or slips, which are applied 

 to the stock by a sloping surface, or are inserted into slits in it by 

 cleft-grafting, or into perforations by wimble- or peg-grafting. Whip- 

 grafting or tongue-grafting is performed by inserting a tongue or cleft- 

 process of the stock between the lips of a cut in the scion. Side-grafting 

 resembles whip-grafting, but it is performed on the side of the stock 

 without heading it down. Sometimes several slips are placed in a 

 circular manner round the inside of the bark of the stock by crovnv- 

 grafting ; or the bark of a portion of tfie stock is removed, and that of 

 the scion is hoUowed out, so as to be applied over it like the parts of 

 a flute, hence called flute-grafting. Budding is practised by the removal 

 of a bud from one plant, along with the portion of the bark and new 

 wood, and applying it to another plant, in which a similar wound has 

 been made. . Grafting is usually performed between the woody parts 

 of the plants, but herbaceous parts may also be united in this way. 

 The graft and stock are secured by clay, or by bees'-wax and taUow, 

 or by Indian rubber, gutta percha, or collodion. 



By grafting, all our good varieties of apples have been produced 

 from the Crab Apple. The seeds of the cultivated apples, when sown, 

 produce plants which have a tendency to revert to the original sour 

 Crab. Grafted varieties can only be propagated by cuttings. The 

 influence exercised by the stock is very marked, and it is of great 

 importance to select good stocks on which to graft slips. In this way 

 the fruit is often much improved by a process of ennobling, as it is called. 

 The scion also seems in some cases to exercise a remarkable eSect on the 

 stock. Slips taken from plants with variegated leaves, and grafted on 

 others with non-variegated leaves, have sometimes caused the leaves of 

 the latter to assume variegation, and the eifect, when once established, 

 has continued even after the slip was removed. The effects of grafting 

 are well seen in the case of the Red Laburnum, when united to the 

 YeUow species. The Red Laburnum is a hybrid between the common 

 Yellow Laburnum and Cytisus purpureus (the Purple Laburnum). 

 The branches below the graft produce the ordinary Yellow Laburnum 

 flowers of large size; those above exhibit often the small Purple 

 Laburnum flowers, as well as reddish flowers, intermediate between 

 the two in size and colour. Occasionally, the same cluster has some 

 flowers yellow and some purplish. 



8. — Seed or Fertilised Ovule arrived at Maturity. 



I 



While the pistil undergoes changes consequent on the discharge 

 of the pollen on thfe stigma, and ultimately becomes the fruit, the 



