linnjEus s aktificial system. 



415 



XIV. 



XV. 



XVI. 



XVII. 



XVIII. 



XIX. 



XX. 



XXI. 



XXII. 



XXIII. 



XXIV. 



( Gymnospermia . . Fruit formed ty four Achaenia ) yvfi.vis, naked. 

 < Angiospermia . . . Fniit, a two-celled Capsule . > kyyos, a vessel. 

 ( -witli many seeds . . . . ) aT^piia, a seed. 



( Siliculosa .... Fruit, a Silioula. 

 ( Siliquosa .... Fruit, a SUiqua. 



> Triandria, Decandria, etc. (numter of Stamens), as in the Classes. 



Polygamia ^qualis . Florets aU hermaphrodite. 



Superfiua . Florets of the disk hermaphrodite, those of the 



ray pistilliferous and fertile. 



Frustranea Florets of the disk hermaphrodite, those of the 



ray neuter. 



Necessaria Florets of the disk staminiferous, those of the 



ray pistilliferous. 



Segregata . Each iloret having a separate involucre. 



^Monogamia. . . . Anthers united, flowers not compound. 



> Monandria, Diandria, etc. (number of Stamens), as in the Classes. 



[ Moncecia . ... . . Hermaphrodite, staminiferous, and pistilliferous 



1 flowers on the same plant. 



1 Dioecia on two plants. 



( Trioecia on three plants. 



'Filices Ferns. 



Musci Mosses. 



HepaticEe .... Liverworts. 



Liohenes Lichens. 



Fungi Mushrooms. 



Even as an artificial method, this system has many imperfections. 

 If plants are not in full flower, with all the stamens and styles per- 

 fect, it is impossible to determine their class and order. In many 

 instances the different flowers on the same plant vary as regards the 

 number of the stamens. Again, if carried out rigidly, it would sepa- 

 rate in many instances the species of the same genus ; but as Linnaeus 

 did not wish to break up his genera, which were founded on natural 

 affinities, he adopted an artifice by which he kept all the species of 

 a genus together. Thus, if in a genus nearly all the species had both 

 stamens and pistils in every flower, while one or two were monoecious 

 or dioecious, he put the names of the latter in italics, in the classes and 

 orders to which they belonged according to his method, and referred 

 the student to the proper genus for the description. 



Natueai System. — It has been already stated that a natural 

 system endeavours to bring together plants which are allied ia aU. 

 essential points of structure. It purposes to ascertain the system of 

 nature, and the affinities of plants ; and, in doing so, it takes into 

 account all their organs. Every natural method, however, is, to a 

 certain extent, artificial, and is likely to be so. It is impossible to 

 show the affinities of plants in a Ivneal series ; many orders pass insen- 



