DIPTEEOCARPACEiE — CHL^KACE^. 451 



vegetable. 0. piriformis supplies fibres in Japan. The bark of Elseo- 

 carpus is used as a tonic. The fruits of Ch'ewia microcos and asiatica 

 are agreeable, and are used for sherbet in N.W. India. Other 

 species of Grewia yield cordage, and the fibres of 0. oppositifolia are 

 used for making paper. 



Order 30. — DiPTEEOCAEPACEiE, the Sumatra-Camphor Family. 

 (Polpet. Hypog.) Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, unequal, naked, persistent, 

 and afterwards enlarged, with an imbricated sestivation. Petals hypo- 

 gynous, sessile, often combined at the base, with a twisted aestivation. 

 Stamens indefinite, hypogynous ; filaments dilated at the base, either 

 distinct or irregularly cohering; anthers innate, bilocular, subulate, 

 opening by terminal fissures. Torus not enlarged in a disk-like man- 

 ner. Ovary superior, 3-celled ; ovules in pairs, pendulous ; style and 

 stigma simple. Fruit coriaceous, unilocular by abortion, 3-valved or 

 indehiscent, surrounded by the calyx, which is prolonged in the form 

 of long wing-like lobes. Seed solitary, exalbuminous ; cotyledons 

 often twisted and crumpled ; radicle superior. — Trees with alternate 

 leaves, having an involute vernation, and deciduous convolute stipules. 

 They are foimd in India, and especially in the eastern islands of the 

 Indian Archipelago, where, according to Blume, they form the largest 

 trees of the forest. There are about 10 known genera, including 100 

 species. Examples — Dipterocarpus, Vateria, Dryobalanbps. 



The trees belonging to this order are handsome and ornamental, 

 and they abound in resiaous juice. A kind of Camphor is procured 

 in Sumatra from Dryobalanops Oamphora or aromatica. It is secreted 

 in crystalline masses in cavities of the wood. It is less volatile 

 than the common camphor of commerce. It supplies this cam- 

 phor only after attaining a considerable age. In its young state 

 it yields on incision a pale yellow liquid, called the liquid camphor of 

 Borneo and Sumatra, which consists of resin and a volatile oil having a 

 camphoraceous odour. Vateria Indica yields an oleo-resinous substance 

 called white Dammar or Piney resin (called also Indian copal or gum 

 animi), used in India as a varnish. From this resin a concrete oil is 

 obtained, called Piney-tallow, or vegetable butter of Canara. The fruit 

 of this tree yields to boiling water the celebrated butter of Canara, or 

 Piney tallow. Various species of Dipterocarpus yield a substance like 

 Balsam of Copaiva. I). Imvis, angustifolius, turbinatus, hispidus, zey- 

 lanicus, yield wood-oil. Shorea rohusta, a native of India, supplies the 

 valuable timber called Sal. It yields the Dhoom or Dammar pitch, 

 used for incense in India. 



Order 31. — Gb.'LMSA.oem, the Chlsenad Family. (Polypet. Hypog.) 

 A small order, allied to Malvaceae in having a 1-2-flowered involucre, 

 and in haviug the stamens cohering at the base ; while the aestivation 

 is imbricate and resembles that of Ternstroemiacese. — Trees or shrubs, 

 with alternate stipulate leaves, found in Madagascar. Their proper- 



