512 KUBIACEiE. 



superior, usually with 4-5 divisions (fig. 727) ; sestivation valvate or 

 imbricate. Stamens more or less adherent to the corolline tube, as 

 many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them (fig. 726). 

 Ovary inferior, usually bilocular (fig. 728 o), some- 

 times multilocular, crowned with a fleshy f disk ; 

 ovules numerous or solitary, anatropal or amphitropal ; 

 style single, sometimes partly divided ; stigmas 

 usually 2, more or less distinct (fig. 728). Fruit in- 

 ferior, 2- or many- celled, dry or succulent, either inde- 

 hiscent or splitting into two mericarps (figs. 729, 730). 

 Fig. 732. Seeds 1 or many in each cell, in the former case erect 

 or ascending (fig. 728), in the latter attached to a central placenta ; 

 albumen copious, horny or fleshy (fig. 731 p) ; embryo small, straight, 

 or slightly curved (fig. 731 e) ; cotyledons leafy; radicle turned to 

 the hilum. — Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with simple, entire, opposite, or 

 verticUlate leaves, which have either interpetiolary stipules (fig. 206, 

 p. 98), or are exstipulate, sometimes with glands at the base of the 

 stipules, as in Cinchona and Ipecacuan (fig. 732). The order has 

 been divided into three series : — 1. Galiese or Stellatse, with square 

 stems, verticiUate leaves, and no true stipules (as the leaves in the 

 verticil are alike), ovary with 1 seed in each cell. 2. Ooffese, distinct 

 stipules, ovary with 1-2 seeds in a cell. 3. Cinchonese, with distinct 

 stipules, ovary having numerous seeds. The plants in the first series 

 are natives of temperate and cold climates. Those in the other two 

 are natives of warm climates. The order has been divided into 25 

 tribes by Hooker and Bentham. Some authors think that the ver- 

 ticUlate leaves of Stellatae consist partly of true leaves, and partly 

 of stipules. The order includes nearly 340 genera and upwards of 

 4000 known species. Examples — Gralium, Eubia, Asperula, Nestera, 

 Coffea, Cephaelis, Psychotria, Spermacoce, Cephalanthus, Cinchona, 

 Gardenia, Hedyotis, Isertia, Hamelia, Guettarda, Psederia. 



The properties of the order, in general, are tonic, febrifuge, and 

 astringent. Important articles of materia medica are furnished by 

 the plants in the sub-orders Coffese and Cinchonese. Peruvian or 

 Jesuits' Bark, Quinquina of the French, China of the Germans, known 

 under the vague and ill-defined names of Pale, Yellow, and Eed Bark, 

 is procured from various species of Cinchona, which grow abundantly 

 in the district of Upper Peru. The Cinchona trees seem to be con- 

 fined exclusively to the Andes, within the boundaries of Peru, Colum- 

 bia, and Bolivia, from 11° north lat. to 20° south lat., chiefly growing 

 at elevations varying from 5000 to 8000 feet above the level of the sea, 

 and in a dry rooky soil ; the highest limit is 11,000 feet. The barks 

 are met with either in thick, large, flat pieces, or in thinner pieces, 

 which curl inwards during drying, and are called quilled. At least 



Fig, 732. Glands at the base of the stipules of Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, 



