EUBIACE^, 513 



twelve species are supposed to furnish commercial barks. The greater 

 number of these barks are used, in the manufacture of Quinine. Those 

 which axe used pharmaceutioally are — 1. Cinchona officinalis (Hook.), 

 a native of Ecuador and Peru; 2. 0. Galisaya, (Wedd.), from the 

 valleys of Bolivia and south-eastern Peru ; 3. C. succvmhra, (Pavon.), 

 found in the vaUeys of the Andes which open into the plain of Guayaquil. 

 Of the other species, the following may be mentioned : — Cinchona 

 lanceolata, pahudiana, pitayensis, purpurea, ovalifolia, ovata, cordifolia. 

 (See Hanbury's Pharmacographia, p. 318.) The most important princi- 

 ples procured from Cinchona bark are the alkaloids of Cinchonine, Cin- 

 chonidine, Quinine, Quinidine, and Quinamine, conibined with Kinic, 

 Cincho-tannic, and Quinovic acids. The chief of&cinal kinds are — 



1. Crown-bark, China-loxa, a pale bark in quills 6 to 15 inches long. 



2. Gray bark. Silver bark, or Huanuco bark, China-Huanuco, another 

 variety of quilled pale bark. 3. Yellow bark, Chinarregia, or Calisaya 

 bark, partly flat, partly quilled. 4. Eed bark, Chinar-rubra, partly 

 flat and partly quiUed. Besides these, there are various inferior kinds of 

 bark met wilii in commerce, such as Ash bark, China-Jaen, hard Cartha- 

 gena bark, China-flavardura, Kusty bark, Ohina-Huamalies, Orange- 

 bark, and,Eed bark of Santa VL Cinchona bark is used medicinally 

 as a tonic and antiperiodic, in cases of dyspepsia, neuralgia, and inter- 

 mittent fever. It has been administered in the form of infusion and 

 tincture, but at present the disulphate of Quinine is the chief prepa- 

 ration used. The genus Exostemma yields various kinds of false 

 Cinchona bark, which do not contain the Cinchona alkalis. In this 

 genus the stamens are exserted, whereas in Cinchona they are included. 

 Pinchneya pvhens yields the fever-bark of Carolina. 



Some of the plants of this order have emetic and purgative quali- 

 ties. Cephaelis Ipecacuanha (see Trans. B. S. Ed., xxvi., with figures) 

 yields the Ipecacuanha of the Pharmacopoeia (figs. 104, p. 41 ; 233, 

 p. 118). The plant is found iu the woods of several Brazilian pro- 

 vinces, as Pemambuco, Bahia, and Kio Janeiro. The flowers are 

 dimorphic. The fruit is a succulent, dark purple, 2-seeded drupe. 

 The roots, which are the oflBcinal part, are. contorted, knotty, and 

 annulated, and about the thickness of a goose-quill. They are used 

 as emetic and diaphoretic remedies, in the form of powder or wine. 

 Their active ingredient is an alkaloid called Emetine. The plant can 

 be propagated by making sections of the rhizome, as well as by 

 means of the leaves. Ipecacuan and Cinchona are now largely culti- 

 vated in India. The import of Ipecacuan into Britain in 1870 was 

 62,952 lbs. Besides this brown or gray annulated Ipecacuanha, there 

 are spurious kinds, such as large black striated Ipecacuanha, the produce 

 of Psychotria emetica, and small striated Ipecacuanha, from a species of 

 Bichwrdsonia, and white undulated Ipecacuanha, furnished by Bichard- 

 sonia scabra or hrasiliensis, a native of the provinces of Rio Janeiro 



2l 



