CANNABINACBiE— ULMACEiE. 585 



and Central Asia, but cultivated in temperate and tropical regions, is 

 the source of the valuable fibre called Hemp ; what are usually called 

 Hemp seeds are in reality fruits. A variety, called Cannabis indioa, is 

 used in India for producing intoxication. It is also employed medi- 

 cinally in the form of extract, as an antispasmodic and anodyne, in 

 cases of tetanus and neuralgia. The properties of the hemp plant 

 appear to be much modified by climate. The Indian variety has a 

 marked resinous varnish, called Churrus, on its leaves. What is 

 called Bhang in India consists of the dried larger leaves and fruit, 

 while Gunjah or Ganja is the whole plant dried after flowering, and 

 the Haschisch or Qinnab of the Arabs is composed of the tops and 

 tender parts of the plant dried. Hemp is probably the Hebrew {^ty, 

 Shesh. The strobili of the female plants of Humulus Lupulus con- 

 stitute hops, the bitterness of which resides in the resinous glandular 

 scales surrounding the fruit, and to which the name of Lupulinic 

 glands, or Lupulin, has been applied. The latter name is also given 

 to the bitter principle of the hops. Hops are employed as a tonic and 

 narcotic, in the form of extract, infusion, and tincture. Their tonic 

 properties depend on their bitterness. A pillow stufied with hops is 

 a popular means of procuring sleep. The twigs of hops have been 

 used to adulterate Sarsapariila. 



Order 165. — Ulmace^, the Elm Family. (Apet. DicUn.) Flowers 

 hermaphrodite or unisexual, fascicled. Perianth single, inferior ; 

 stamens definite, inserted on the perianth ; filaments erect ; ovary 

 superior, 1-2-celled ; styles 2. Ovules solitary, anatropous. Fruit 

 indehiscent, a samara or drupe, 1-2-celled. Seed solitary, pendulous, 

 usually exalbuminous ; embryo straight or curved, cotyledons leafy, 

 radicle superior ; juice watery. — Trees or shrubs with alternate rough 

 leaves, and deciduous stipules ; chiefly natives of the northern and 

 mountainous parts of Europe, Asia, and America. Genera, 9 ; species, 

 about 60. There are two sub-orders : — 1. Ulmeas, true Elms, ovary 

 2-ceUed, fruit a samara. Examples — XJlmus, Planera, Holoptelea. 2. 

 Oeltidese, Tree-nettles, ovary 1-celled ; fruit a drupe. Examples — 

 Oeltis, Sponea, Trema. 



Several species of Elm are cultivated for timber. Ulmus cam- 

 pestris, English or small-leaved Elm, rarely produces fruit in this 

 country. It often attains a height of 70 to 90 feet, with a diameter 

 of 4 to 5 feet. Its wood is compact and durable under water, and 

 it has been used for sleepers on railways, and for wooden pavements. 

 Its inner bark is bitter, mucilaginous, and astringent. Ulmus mon- 

 tana, the Mountain, Wych, or Scotch Elm, produces fruit freely in 

 this country, but its wood is inferior to that of the English Elm. 

 The bark of Ulmus fulva, the red or slippery Elm, a tree of central 

 and northern United States, is used as a demulcent. Celtis occi- 

 dentalis, the Nettle-tree, or Sugar-berry, has a sweet drupaceous fruit. 



