CUPULIFERiE OR COEYLACE^ — JUGLANDACE^. 595 



12; species, about 260. Examples — Corylus, Carpinus, Fagus, Cas- 

 tanea, Quercus. 



The Hazel-nut, with its involucral appendage, is the produce of 

 Corylus Avellana. The bark of Qmrcus pedunculata (Rohur), the 

 common Oak, contains much tannin, and is used as an astringent. 

 Another British species, Q. sessiliflora, having sessile fruit, is believed to 

 yield the best timber. In the wood of Q. pedunculata there are 

 numerous medullary rays (silver-grain), (fig. 117, p. 54), while in that 

 of Q. sesst7i^ora,|Durmast, it is said there are scarcely any visible. 

 There is some doubt as to the existence of more than one species in 

 Britain, and no permanent characters have been established. Babing- 

 ton mentions three species. It has been stated that 2000 well-grown 

 oaks, equal to 3000 loads of timber, were required to buUd a seventy- 

 four gun-ship. The acorn-cups of Quercus ^gilops, Valonia or Balonia 

 Oak, under the name of Valonia, are used by dyers. Oaks are liable 

 to the attacks of insects, whose punctures give rise to the formation 

 of galls. These excrescences occur on the buds, bark, and leaves. 

 The medicinal galls are the produce of Quercus infectoria, a native of 

 Asia Minor, and the best are imported from Aleppo. They are 

 caused by punctures from the ovipositor of the Diplolepis (Oynips) 

 Gallse-tinctoriee. Blue galls are those which stUl contain the young 

 insect in their interior, while white galls are those from which it has 

 escaped. In medicine they are employed as powerful astringents, and 

 in the arts they are used for dyeing, tanning, and forming ink. The 

 bark (epiphloeum) of Quercus Suber constitutes cork (fig. 118, p. 54). 

 The bark of Quercus tinctoria is called Quercitron, and yields a yellow 

 dye. Quercus Ilex, Evergreen Oak, is commonly cultivated in gar- 

 dens. The Oak, jlPX, Allon of the Bible, is said by some to be Quercus 

 jSgilops. The Beech-tree (Fagus sylvaticd), the Horn-beam (Carpinus 

 Betulus), and the Spanish Chestnut (Castanea vulgaris or vesca), belong 

 to this order. Fagu^ Forsteri is the Evergreen Beech|of South America, 

 found at Tierra del Fuego. A species of Beech [F. antarctica) is 

 found in the antarctic regions. 



Order 182. — Juglandace^, the Walnut Family. (Apet. Biclin.) 

 Flowers unisexual. Male flowers amentaceous : perianth membranous, 

 Clique, irregularly-lobed, with a scaly bract. Stamens definite or 

 00 ; filaments short, free ; anthers dithecal, erect. Female flowers in 

 terminal clusters, or in loose racemes, with separate or united bracts : 

 perianth single or double, the outer 3-5-parted, inner, when present, 

 in minute separate pieces. Ovary adherent to the perianth, 1 -celled ; 

 ovule solitary, erect, orthotropal (figs. 452, 453, p. 253) ; styles 1-2, 

 very short ; stigmas 2-4, fringed or sessile, discoid and 4-lobed. Fruit 

 a drupe, sometimes with an adherent involucre ; endocarp bony, 2- 

 valved or valveless, 2-4-ceUed at the base, and 1 -celled at the apex, 

 with partial dissepiments. Seed exalbuminous, 2-4-lobed, with a 



