596 



JUGLANDACE^ — CONIFEEiE. 



membranaceous testa ; embryo large ; cotyledons fleshy, oily, and 

 sinuous ; radicle superior. — Trees with alternate, pinnated leaves,, 

 having neither dots nor stipules. They are chiefly natives of North 

 America. There are 5 genera, according to authors, and 28 species. 

 Examples — Juglans, Carya. 



WhUe the plants belonging to this order yield edible oily nuts, 

 their bark is often acrid, and there is frequently bitterness and 

 astringency in the coverings of their fruit and seed. The seeds of 

 Juglans regia, common Walnut, yield a bland oil, which may be used 

 as a substitute for olive-oil. Garya alba yields the American Hickory- 

 nut. Purgative apd resinous properties prevail in some of the plants. 

 The timber of many of the trees is valuable. That of the Black 

 Walnut (Juglans nigra) has a fine dark brown colour when polished. 



Section B. — G-ymstospeeMjE. 



Monochlamydeous or Achlamydeous plants, with an Exogenous 

 structure as regards their stems and organs of vegetation, biit difier- 

 ing from Exogens in having naked ovules, which are fertilised by the 

 direct application of the poUen to the foramen, without the inter- 

 vention of stigma, style, and ovary. Flowers unisexual. Their 

 woody tissue is marked by the presence of disks (figs. 49, 50, p. 17). 

 They are included in Lindley's class of Gymnogens, and Endlicher's 

 Gymnospermous division of Acramphibrya. 



Order 183. — Oonifbe^, the Cone-bearing Family. (Achlamyd. 

 Didin.) It includes the orders Pinaceae, Taxacese, and Gnetacese of 



Kg. 838. Pig. 839. Fig. 840. Pig. 841. 



Lindley. Flowers unisexual. Male flowers monandrous or monadel- 

 phous : stamens collected in a deciduous amentum, about a common 



Figs. 838-844. Organs of fructification of Finns sylvestris, Scotcli Fir, to illnstrate the 

 natural order Coniferse. Pig. 838. Collection of male 'catkins, c, clustered round a com- 

 mon axis. /, Leaves. 6, Terminal buds, with young leaves and scaly sheaths. Fig. 839. 

 Male flower, or the two-lolied anther, separated. Fig. 840. Three coUections of female 

 flowers, or young cones, c, at the extremity of a branch.. Pig. 841. A scale detached 

 from one of these young cones, and seen on the exterior. 6, Bract, e, Scale, o o, Summil> 

 of the naked ovules. Pig. 842. Scale of a young cone seen on the inside, c. The scale. 



