CONIFERiE. 599 



one species. By exudation, and partly by the aid of heat, the plants 

 of this order yield various kinds of turpentine, resin, tar, and pitch. 

 Common turpentine is procured from Firms sylvestris, the Scotch Fir, 

 Pinus Pinaster, the Cluster-Pine, and var. maritima, Bourdeaux Pine, 

 Pimts palmtris, Swamp Pine, and Pinus Tceda, Loblolly or Frank- 

 incense Pine. Oil of turpentine is obtained from it by distillation. 

 Venice turpentine and Strasburg turpentine are the produce of Larix 

 europcea, the Larch, and Abies Picea {Abies or Picea pectinata), the 

 Silver Fir, while Canada Balsam is collected from Abies or Picea bal- 

 samea, Balm of Grilead Fir, and A. canadensis, Hemlock Spruce. 

 Daimnara australis) the "Kawrie-pine of Kew Zealand, yields a hard 

 resin, and so does B. orientalis, the Amboyna Pitch-tree. Callitris 

 quadrivalvis {Thuja articulata), the Arar-tree, supplies a solid resin 

 called Sandarach or Pounce, which is used to strew over manuscripts. 

 Thus, or Common Frankincense, is yielded by Pinus palustris and 

 Pinus Tmda. Burgundy pitch is procured from Abies excelsa {Pinus 

 Abies), the Norway Spruce. Pinus Pumilio gives Hungarian balsam. 

 Pinus pinea, the Stone Pine (fig. 518, p. 292), is the source of Car- 

 pathian balsam. Essence of Spruce, used in making Spruce-beer, is 

 got by boiling in water the leaves of the Scotch Fir {Pinus syl- 

 vestris) (fig. 572, p. 317), the Black Spruce {Abies nigra), and other 

 species. A kini of Manna is procured from the Larch and from the 

 Cedar of Lebanon. The Bark-bread of the Norwegians is prepared 

 from the inner bark of Pinus sylvestris. The bark of the Larch is 

 astringent, and has been used for tanning, as well as in bronchitic 

 affections. Common tar is procured by the destructive distillation 

 of the stems and roots of coniferous trees. It is uSed as an ointment in 

 skin diseases, and is largely employed in shipbuilding, and for the preser- 

 vation of fences. These various kinds of resin and pitch are used for 

 stimulating and healing plasters, while the oil of turpentine {oleum 

 terebinthince) is employed medicinally as a stimulant, diuretic, cathar- 

 tic, and anthelmintic. The vapour of tar has been recommended in 

 affections of the chest. The succulent cones (fig. 574, p. 317) (com- 

 monly called berries) of Juniperus communis. Common Juniper, and 

 the oil procured from them, are used medicinally as diuretics. The 

 oil enters into the composition of the spirituous liquor called 

 Hollands. The young branches and leaves of Juniperus Sdbina, ■ 

 Savin, contain an active volatile oil, which is used as an anthelmintic 

 and emmenagogue. In large doses it acts as a violent irritant poison. 

 The wood of Juniperus Bermudiana furnishes Pencil Cedar. J. Vir- 

 giniana, the Eed Cedar, yields a rubefacient oil. Thuja .occidentalis 

 is the common Arbor-vitse of gardens. Thi^a orientalis is also in 

 cultivation. Gv/pressus sempervirens, common Cypress, yields a durable 

 wood, which is supposed to be the Gopher-wood, 1SJ (Gopher) of the 

 Bible. Fodocarpus Totarra and Dacrydium taxifoUum both supply 



