MICROSCOPIC OBJECTS. 781 



Vegetable Histology is taken from the preparations used in the micro- 

 scopical demonstrations given to the pupils of the Botanical Class in 

 the University of Edinburgh : — 



Cellular Tissue. — Seaweeds, Oonfervse, Moulds and other Fungi ; 

 Lichens, Liverworts, pith of Elder and of the Eice-paper plants 

 (Fatsia and ^Eschynomene), outer bark as of the Cork and of Ele- 

 phantipes, succulent roots, stems, and fruits as Orange and Lemon. 



Schultze states that.by means of nitric acid and phosphate of potash, 

 the cells of plants, young or old, hard or soft, may be isolated from 

 one another so as to, give single cells, free and distinct, for microscopic 

 examination. Protoplasm in the cellular tissue of young roots is well 

 shown by the action of carmine or magenta. 



Nucleated Cells. — Scales of Onion, Vinegar plant, ripe fruit of 

 Strawberry, Smut, ovules or very young seeds ; covering of ovary of 

 Orchis mascula and maculata, shows bi-nucleated cells. 



Independent Cells. — Eed-snow plant (Protococcus nivalis), Yeast 

 plant (Torula), Chlorococcus vulgaris (yellow powdery matter on trees). 



Thickened Cells. — Shell of Coco-nut, stone of Peach, Cherry and 

 Nut, seed of Ivory-Palm and Date, gritty matter of Pear, scales of 

 Cone. The thickening process in cells is seen in the rootlets of Mar- 

 chantia (Liverwort). 



Pitted or Porous Cells. — -Pith of Elder, stem of Common Balsam, 

 outer covering of seeds of Gourd and Almond, Pith of Eosa tomen- 

 tosa. 



Spiral Cells. — Leaves, stems, and aerial roots of many Orchids, 

 rootlets of Oncidium, leaves of Pleurothallis ruscifolia and racemi- 

 flora, leaf of Sphagnum, episperm of seeds of Collomia, Acanthodium, 

 Calempelis scaber, Lophospermum, and Cobsea, pericarp of Salvia, 

 Isoetes lacustris. 



Reticulated Cells. — Inner lining of anthers of SUene maritima and 

 Pinguicula vulgaris ; Pith of Eubus odoratus and of Eiythrina ; leaf 

 of Sphagnum. 



Annular Cells. — Inner lining of anther of Cardamine -pratensis ; 

 stem of Opuntia. 



Stellate Cells. — Centre of leaves of Junous conglomeratus and other 

 rushes, the transverse septa in petiole of Banana and Plantain ; petiole 

 of Sparganium ramosum, Potamogeton, stems of many aquatic plants, 

 inner lining of anther of Armeria. 



Ciliated Cells. — Spores of Vaucheria and some Fuci. 



Filamentous Gelh.-^The structure of many Fungi. 



Pollen Cells. — Anthers of Tulip, Lily, Passion-flower and MaUow 

 (echinated). Acacia (cells united in fours), Zamia, Cycas, Tropseolum, 

 Gloxinia, Colocasia, Sherardia arvensis, Mimulus moschatus, Juncus, 

 Linum, Scorzonera hispanica, Tragopogon porrifolius, poUinia of As- 

 clepias and Orchids. 



