830 ABBEETIATIONS AND SYMBOLS. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS.* 



The names of Authors are abridged in Botanical works by giving tbe first letter or 

 syllable, etc. — Thus, L. stands for Linnteus ; DC. for De Candolle ; Br. for Brown ; 

 Lam. and Lmk. for Lamarck ; Hook, for Hooker ; Hook. fil. for Hooker junior ; 

 Lindl. for Lindley ; Arn. for Amott ; H. and B. for Humboldt and Bonpland ; 

 H. B. and K. for Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth ; W. and A. for Wight and 

 Arnott ; Benth. for Bentham ; Berk, for Berkeley ; Bab. for Babington, etc. 



The Symbol oo or 00 means an indefinite number ; in the case of stamens it 



means above 20. 

 © means Monocarpic, flowering and fruiting once during life ; duration 



uncertain. 

 O © or A. means a Monocarpic annual plant ; flowering and fruiting within 



the year and then dying. 

 <J 0© © © or B. means a biennial plant ; flowering and fruiting in the 



second year. 

 If /^ or P. means a perennial plant ; Ehizocai-pic. 

 b means a woody plant. 5 means an undershrub. 

 T^ S or Sh. means a shrub ; 5 means a Tree under 25 feet ; T. or B a Tree 



above 25 feet. 

 ~^ means a climber ; ) turning to the left ; ( turning to the right. 

 = Cotyledons accumbent, radicle lateral ; Pleurorhizese. ' 



II Cotyledons incumbent, radicle dorsal ; Notorhizeae. 

 09' Cotyledons conduplicate, radicle dorsal ; Orthoplocese. 

 II II Cotyledons plicate or folded, radicle dorsal ; Spirolobese. 

 II II II Cotyledons biplicate or twice folded, radicle dorsal ; Dipleoolobese. 

 5 Hermaphrodite flower, having both stamens and pistil. 

 5 Male, staminiferous, staminate, or sterile flower. 

 5 Female, pistilliferous, pistillate, or fertile flower. 

 S $ Unisexual species, having separate male and female flowers. 

 S-J Monoecious species, having male and female flowers on the same plant. 

 S : $ Dicecious species, having male and female flowers on difi'erent plants, 

 g S ? Polygamous species, having hermaphrodite and unisexual flowers on the 



same or different plants. 

 ! Indicates certainty as to a genus or species described by the author quoted. 

 ? Indicates doubt as to the genus or species. 

 Indicates absence of a part. 

 V. V. sp. or V. 17. Vidi vivam spontaneam, indicates that the author has seen a 



living native specimen of the plant described by him. 

 V. V. 0. Vidi vivam cultam, indicates that he has seen a living cultivated specimen. 

 V. s. sp. or V. s. Vidi siccam spontaneam, indicates that he has seen a dried 



native specimen. 

 ■u. s. li. Vidi siccam cultam, indicates that he has seen a dried cultivated specimen. 

 V. in h. Vidi in Herbario ; seen in Herbarium. 



* For further remarks on Abbreviations and Symbols, see page 412. 



