128 “The Descent of Man” 
according to Dubois, belong to the uppermost Tertiary series, the 
Pliocene, has recently been fixed at a later date (the older Diluvium), 
the morphological value of these interesting remains, that is, the inter- 
mediate position of Pithecanthropus, still holds good. Volz says with 
justice}, that even if Pithecanthropus is not the missing link, it is 
undoubtedly a missing link. 
As on the one hand there has been found in Pithecanthropus a 
form which, though intermediate between apes and man, is never- 
theless more closely allied to the apes, so on the other hand, much 
progress has been made since Darwin’s day in the discovery and 
description of the oldest human remains. Since the famous roof of 
a skull and the bones of the extremities belonging to it were found 
in 1856 in the Neandertal near Diisseldorf, the most varied judgments 
have been expressed in regard to the significance of the remains and 
of the skull in particular. In Darwin’s Descent of Man there is only 
a passing allusion to them? in connection with the discussion of the 
skull-capacity, although the investigations of Schaaffhausen, King, 
and Huxley were then known. I believe I have shown, in a series of 
papers, that the skull in question belongs to a form different from 
any of the races of man now living, and, with King and Cope, I regard 
it as at least a different species from living man, and have therefore 
designated it Homo primigenius. The form unquestionably belongs to 
the older Diluvium, and in the later Diluvium human forms already 
appear, which agree in all essential points with existing human races, 
As far back as 1886 the value of the Neandertal skull was greatly 
enhanced by Fraipont’s discovery of two skulls and skeletons from 
Spy in Belgium. These are excellently described by their discoverer’, 
and are regarded as belonging to the same group of forms as the 
Neandertal remains. In 1899 and the following years came the 
discovery by Gorjanovi¢é-Kramberger of different skeletal parts of at 
least ten individuals in a cave near Krapina in Croatiat. It is in 
particular the form of the lower jaw which is different from that of 
all recent races of man, and which clearly indicates the lowly position 
of Homo primigenius, while, on the other hand, the long-known skull 
from Gibraltar, which I° have referred to Homo primigenius, and. 
which has lately been examined in detail by Sollas*, has made us 
1 “Das geologische Alter der Pithecanthropus-Schichten bei Trinil, Ost-Java.” Neues 
Jahrb. f. Mineralogie. Festband, 1907. 
2 Descent of Man, p. 82. 
5 “Ta race humaine de Néanderthal ou de Canstatt en Belgique.” Arch. de Biologie, 
vu. 1887. 
4 Gorjanovit-Kramberger. Der diluviale Mensch von Krapina in Kroatien, 1906. 
5 Studien zur Vorgeschichte des Menschen, 1906, pp. 154 ff. 
6 «*On the cranial and facial characters of the Neandertal Race.” Trans. R. Soc. 
London, vol. 199, 1908, p. 281. 
