130 “The Descent of Man” 
Finally, it must be briefly mentioned that in regard to remains 
of human handicraft also, the material at our disposal has greatly 
increased of late years, that, as a result of this, the opinions of 
archaeologists have undergone many changes, and that, in particular, 
their views in regard to the age of the human race have been greatly 
influenced. There is a tendency at the present time to refer the 
origin of man back to Tertiary times. It is true that no remains 
of Tertiary man have been found, but flints have been discovered 
which, according to the opinion of most investigators, bear traces 
either of use, or of very primitive workmanship. Since Rutot’s time, 
following Mortillet’s example, investigators have called these “eoliths,” 
and they have been traced back by Verworn to the Miocene of the 
Auvergne, and by Rutot even to the upper Oligocene. Although 
these eoliths are even nowadays the subject of many different views, 
the preoccupation with them has kept the problem of the age of the 
human race continually before us. 
Geology, too, has made great progress since the days of Darwin 
and Lyell, and has endeavoured with satisfactory results to arrange 
the human remains of the Diluvial period in chronological order 
(Penck). I do not intend to enter upon the question of the 
primitive home of the human race; since the space at my dis- 
posal will not allow of my touching even very briefly upon all the 
departments of science which are concerned in the problem of 
the descent of man. How Darwin would have rejoiced over 
each of the discoveries here briefly outlined! What use he 
would have made of the new and precious material, which would 
have prevented the discouragement from which he suffered when 
preparing the second edition of The Descent of Man! But it was 
not granted to him to see this progress towards filling up the gaps 
in his edifice of which he was so painfully conscious. 
He did, however, have the satisfaction of seeing his ideas steadily 
gaining ground, notwithstanding much hostility and deep-rooted 
prejudice. Even in the years between the appearance of The Origin 
of Species and of the first edition of the Descent, the idea of a 
natural descent of man, which was only briefly indicated in the work 
of 1859, had been eagerly welcomed in some quarters. It has been 
already pointed out how brilliantly Huxley contributed to the de- 
fence and diffusion of Darwin’s doctrines, and how in Man’s Place 
in Nature he has given us a classic work as a foundation for the 
doctrine of the descent of man. As Huxley was Darwin’s champion 
in England, so in Germany Carl Vogt, in particular, made himself 
master of the Darwinian ideas. But above all it was Haeckel who, 
in energy, eagerness for battle, and knowledge may be placed side by 
side with Huxley, who took over the leadership in the controversy 
