Genealogical Trees 131 
over the new conception of the universe. As far back as 1866, in his 
Generelle Morphologie, he had inquired minutely into the question of 
the descent of man, and not content with urging merely the general 
theory of descent from lower animal forms, he drew up for the first 
time genealogical trees showing the close structural relationships of 
the different animal groups; the last of these illustrated the relation- 
ships of Mammals, and among them of all groups of the Primates, 
including man. It was Haeckel’s genealogical trees that formed the 
basis of the special discussion of the relationships of man, in the 
sixth chapter of Darwin’s Descent of Man. 
In the last section of this essay I shall return to Haeckel’s con- 
ception of the special descent of man, the main features of which he 
still upholds, and rightly so. Haeckel has contributed more than any 
one else to the spread of the Darwinian doctrine. 
I can only allow myself a few words as to the spread of the theory 
of the natural descent of man in other countries. The Parisian 
anthropological school, founded and guided by the genius of Broca, 
took up the idea of the descent of man, and made many notable 
contributions to it (Broca, Manouvrier, Mahoudeau, Deniker and 
others). In England itself Darwin’s work did not die. Huxley took 
care of that, for he, with his lofty and unprejudiced mind, dominated 
and inspired English biology until his death on June 29, 1895. He 
had the satisfaction shortly before his death of learning of Dubois’ 
discovery, which he illustrated by a humorous sketch. But there 
are still many followers in Darwin’s footsteps in England. Keane 
has worked at the special genealogical tree of the Primates; Keith 
has inquired which of the anthropoid apes has the greatest number 
of characters in common with man; Morris concerns himself with the 
evolution of man in general, especially with his acquisition of the 
erect position. The recent discoveries of Pzthecanthropus and Homo 
primigenius are being vigorously discussed ; but the present writer 
is not in a position to form an opinion of the extent to which the 
idea of descent has penetrated throughout England generally. 
In Italy independent work in the domain of the descent of man is 
being produced, especially by Morselli; with him are associated, in 
the investigation of related problems, Sergi and Giuffrida-Ruggeri. 
From the ranks of American investigators we may single out in 
particular the eminent geologist Cope, who championed with much 
decision the idea of the specific difference of Homo neandertalensis 
(primigenius) and maintained a more direct descent of man from the 
fossil Lemuridae. In South America too, in Argentina, new life is 
stirring in this department of science. Ameghino in Buenos Ayres 
has awakened the fossil primates of the Pampas formation to new 
1 Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Husley, Vol. 11. p. 394. 
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