138 Darwin as an Anthropologist 
stricter sense. The illuminating truth of these cumulative arguments 
was so great in every branch of biology that, in spite of the most 
vehement opposition, the battle was won within a single decade, and 
Darwin secured the general admiration and recognition that had 
been denied to his forerunner, Lamarck, up to the hour of his death 
1829). 
oe however, we consider the momentous influence that 
Darwinism has had in anthropology, we shall find it useful to glance 
‘at its history in the course of the last half century, and notice the 
various theories that have contributed to its advance. The first 
attempt to give extensive expression to the reform of biology by 
Darwin’s work will be found in my Generelle Morphologie (1866)? 
which was followed by a more popular treatment of the subject in 
my Natiirliche Schipfungsgeschichte (1868), a compilation from the 
earlier work. In the first volume of the Generelle Morphologie 
I endeavoured to show the great importance of evolution in settling 
the fundamental questions of biological philosophy, especially in 
regard to comparative anatomy. In the second volume I dealt 
broadly with the principle of evolution, distinguishing ontogeny and 
phylogeny as its two coordinate main branches, and associating the 
two in the Biogenetic Law. The Law may be formulated thus: 
“Ontogeny (embryology or the development of the individual) is 
a concise and compressed recapitulation of phylogeny (the palae- 
ontological or genealogical series) conditioned by laws of heredity 
and adaptation.” The “Systematic introduction to general evo- 
lution,” with which the second volume of the Generelle Morpho- 
logie opens, was the first attempt to draw up a natural system of 
organisms (in harmony with the principles of Lamarck and Darwin) 
in the form of a hypothetical pedigree, and was provisionally set 
forth in eight genealogical tables. 
In the nineteenth chapter of the Generelle Morphologie—a part 
of which has been republished, without any alteration, after a lapse 
of forty years—I made a critical study of Lamarck’s theory of descent 
and of Darwin's theory of selection, and endeavoured to bring the 
complex phenomena of heredity and adaptation under definite laws 
for the first time. Heredity I divided into conservative and pro- 
gressive : adaptation into indirect (or potential) and direct (or actual). 
I then found it possible to give some explanation of the correlation of 
the two physiological functions in the struggle for life (selection), and 
to indicate the important laws of divergence (or differentiation) 
and complexity (or division of labour), which are the direct and 
inevitable outcome of selection. Finally, I marked off dysteleology 
1 Generelle Morphologie der Organismen, 2 vols., Berlin, 1866, 
? Eng. transl.; The History of Creation, London, 1876. 
