From the Complex to the Simple 203 
and with Isoétes if derived from Lepidodendreae), or the higher 
branches of the family were crowded out altogether and only the 
“poor relations” were able to maintain their position by evading 
the competition of the ascendant races; this is also illustrated by 
the history of the Lycopod phylum. In either case there would result 
a lowering of the type of organisation within the group. 
2, The course of real progress is often from the complex to the 
simple. If, as we shall find some grounds for believing, the Angio- 
sperms came from a type with a flower resembling in its complexity 
that of Mesozoic “Cycads,” almost the whole evolution of the flower 
in the highest plants has been a process of reduction. The stamen, 
in particular, has undoubtedly become extremely simplified during 
evolution; in the most primitive known seed-plants it was a highly 
compound leaf or pinna; its reduction has gone on in the Conifers 
and modern Cycads, as well as in the Angiosperms, though in different 
ways and to a varying extent. 
The seed offers another striking example; the Palaeozoic seeds 
(if we leave the seed-like organs of certain Lycopods out of conside- 
ration) were always, so far as we know, highly complex structures, 
with an elaborate vascular system, a pollen-chamber, and often a 
much-differentiated testa. In the present day such seeds exist only 
in a few Gymnosperms which retain their ancient characters—in all 
the higher Spermophytes the structure is very much simplified, and 
this holds good even in the Coniferae, where there is no counter- 
vailing complication of ovary and stigma. 
Reduction, in fact, is not always, or even generally, the same 
thing as degeneration. Simplification of parts is one of the most 
usual means of advance for the organism as a whole. A large pro- 
portion of the higher plants are microphyllous in comparison with 
the highly megaphyllous fern-like forms from which they appear to 
have been derived. 
Darwin treated the general question of advance in organisation 
with much caution, saying: “The geological record...does not extend 
far enough back, to show with unmistakeable clearness that within 
the known history of the world organisation has largely advanced!.” 
Further on? he gives two standards by which advance may be 
measured: “We ought not solely to compare the highest members 
of a class at any two periods...but we ought to compare all the 
members, high and low, at the two periods.” Judged by either 
standard the Horsetails and Club Mosses of the Carboniferous were 
higher than those of our own day, and the same is true of the Meso- 
zoic Cycads. There is a general advance in the succession of classes, 
but not within each class. 
1 Origin of Species, p. 308. 2 Thid. p. 309. 
