204 The Palaeontological Record. I. Plants 
Darwin’s argument that “the inhabitants of the world at each 
successive period in its history have beaten their predecessors in the 
race for life, and are, in so far, higher in the scale?” is unanswerable, 
but we must remember that “higher in the scale” only means “better 
adapted to the existing conditions.” Darwin points out? that species 
have remained unchanged for long periods, probably longer than the 
periods of modification, and only underwent change when the con- 
ditions of their life were altered. Higher organisation, judged by 
the test of success, is thus purely relative to the changing conditions, 
a fact of which we have a striking illustration in the sudden in- 
coming of the Angiosperms with all their wonderful floral adaptations 
to fertilisation by the higher families of Insects. 
IJ. PHYLOGENY. 
The question of phylogeny is really inseparable from that of the 
truth of the doctrine of evolution, for we cannot have historical 
evidence that evolution has actually taken place without at the same 
time having evidence of the course it has followed. 
As already pointed out, the progress hitherto made has been 
rather in the way of joining up the great classes of plants than in 
tracing the descent of particular species or genera of the recent flora. 
There appears to be a difference in this respect from the Animal 
record, which tells us so much about the descent of living species, 
such as the elephant or the horse. The reason for this difference is 
no doubt to be found in the fact that the later part of the palaeonto- 
logical record is the most satisfactory in the case of animals and the 
least so in the case of plants. The Tertiary plant-remains, in the 
great majority of instances, are impressions of leaves, the conclusions 
to be drawn from which are highly precarious; until the whole 
subject of Angiospermous palaeobotany has been reinvestigated, it 
would be rash to venture on any statements as to the descent of the 
families of Dicotyledons or Monocotyledons. 
Our attention will be concentrated on the following questions, all 
relating to the phylogeny of main groups of plants: i. The Origin of 
the Angiosperms. ii. The Origin of the Seed-plants. iii. The Origin 
of the different classes of the Higher Cryptogamia. 
i. The Origin of the Angiosperms. 
The first of these questions has long been the great crux of 
botanical phylogeny, and until quite recently no light had been 
thrown upon the difficulty. The Angiosperms are the Flowering 
Plants, par excellence, and form, beyond comparison, the dominant 
1 Origin of Species, p. 315. 2 Ibid. p. 279. 
