Language and Thought 523 
the left side of the brain, which is the motor centre for the right side 
of the body, is more highly developed than its right side, which moves 
the left side of the body. The investigations of Professors Ferrier, 
Sherrington and Griinbaum have still more precisely defined the rela- 
tions between brain areas and certain groups of muscles. One form of 
aphasia is the result of injury to or disease in the third frontal convolu- 
tion because the motor centre is no longer equal to the task of setting 
the necessary muscles in motion. In the brain of idiots who are 
unable to speak, the centre for speech is not developed’. In the 
anthropoid apes the brain is similarly defective, though it has been 
demonstrated by Professors Cunningham and Marchand “that there 
is a tendency, especially in the gorilla’s brain, for the third frontal 
convolution to assume the human form....But if they possessed a 
centre for speech, those parts of the hemispheres of their brains 
which form the mechanism by which intelligence is elaborated are 
so ill-developed, as compared with the rest of their bodies, that 
we can not conceive, even with more perfect frontal convolutions, 
that these animals could formulate ideas expressible in intelligent 
speech”,.” 
While Max Miiller’s theory is Shelley’s 
“He gave man speech, and speech created thought, 
Which is the measure of the universe’,” 
it seems more probable that the development was just the opposite— 
that the development of new activities originated new thoughts which 
required new symbols to express them, symbols which may at first 
have been, even toa greater extent than with some of the lower races 
at present, sign language as much as articulation. When once the 
faculty of articulation was developed, which, though we cannot trace 
the process, was probably a very gradual growth, there is no reason 
to suppose that words developed in any other way than they do at 
present. An erroneous notion of the development of language has 
become widely spread through the adoption of the metaphorical 
term roots for the irreducible elements of human. speech. Men 
never talked in roots; they talked in words. Many words of kindred 
meaning have a part in common, and a root is nothing but that common 
part stripped of all additions. In some cases it is obvious that 
one word is derived from another by the addition of a fresh element; 
‘in other cases it is impossible to say which of two kindred words is 
the more primitive. A root is merely a convenient term for an 
abstraction. The simplest word may be called a root, but it is 
nevertheless a word. How are new words added to a language 
1 op. cit. p. 226. 2 op, cit. p. 223. 
3 Prometheus Unbound, 1. 4, 
