52 THE POLYPI. $ 46. 
The Campanulariae and Sertulariae produce at the end of their pedicle 
and branches elongated sexless individuals. But in the angles of these 
branches cells of another form, and containing many spherical individuals, 
are developed. In these last sexual organs are formed, which, in Campan- 
ularia geniculata, occurs without a separation of the new individuals from 
the corallum, while in Campanularia gelatinosa it is after detachment has 
taken place. 
§ 46. 
In the eggs of polyps both a germinative vesicle and dot may often be 
seen. Frequently, however, both disappear at a very early period. The 
envelopes of the egg are usually of a simple,” though sometimes of a 
complicated structure. The spermatic particles are very active, and im 
some species are filamentoid, in others composed of a solid body or head, 
to which is appended a very delicate tail. 
either their form or motion. 
& According to Krohn (Miiller’s Arch. 1843, p. 
174), it is probable that in Campanularia and Ser- 
tularia both sexes are developed in this way. 
From Ellis’ description of Campanularia dicho- 
toma (Essai sur l’Hist. Nat. des Corallines, p. 
116, pl. XXXVIII. fig. 3), it may be concluded 
that the females, mistaken by these naturalists for 
eggs, separate in this w@y from the corallum. 
Meyen (Nov. Act. physico-medica. XVI. Suppl. I. 
1834, p. 195, Tab. XXX. fig. 3, 4) has also taken 
the medusoid females of this species for spawn. 
(Additional note to § 45,] The series of those 
polyps, the sexless (nurse-like) individuals of 
which produce self-dependent, medusa-like young, ' 
has been increased by several more recent re- 
searches. See Van Beneden, Rech--sur'’embryol. 
d. Tubulaires, 1844, pl. I. IV. (Tubuluria and 
Eudendrium) ; Sars, Faun. littoral. Norveg. p. 7, 
Tab. I. (Podocoryna and Perigonimus); Du- 
jardin, Ann; d.Sc. Nat. [V_ 1845, p. 257, pl. XIV.” 
It is*tirue that the’ de-' 
XV.'(various Hydrina). 
velopnient of the genital organs has not been ob- 
served in these medusa-like individuals ; but they 
have indeed in the medusiform individuals of Syn- 
coryne ramosa and Coryne fritillaria, and there- 
fore it may be proper'to infer that the same is true 
of other Hydriva and Sertularina. [If it is cor- 
rect to regard as the perfect state that in which 
the individuals resemble Medusz, and as the im- 
perfect state that in which they are polypoid, then 
should we, as has been done already by many, re- 
move these animals from the class of the Polypi, 
and place them with the Acalephae.* 
1 In most Anthozoa. Eggs of this kind, belong- 
ing to Actinia, Coryne and Veretillum, have 
been figured by Wagner (Wiegmann’s Arch. 
1835, I. Taf. III. fig. 2; Prod. Hist. Gener. hom. 
atque anim. Tab. I. fig. 1, and Icones zoot. Tab. 
XXXIV. fig. 5, 17, 23). 
2 With most Bryozoa the spermatic particles 
are filamentous. Both from their size and their 
* [End of additional note to § 45.) The remark- 
able relations here spoken of, and the conjectures 
as to the real zoological nature of the animals in 
question, have been pretty satisfactorily cleared up 
by the recent researches of Agassiz. He has shown 
that the Hydroid Polyps are not simply a lower 
. form of stemmed animals, producing at a given 
period more highly-organized Medusz, but that 
they are themselves, by their structure, real Medu- 
Water does not appear to affect 
motions, they have been taken for parasites. 
Kolliker (Beitr. zur Kennt. d. Geschlechtsverhalt. 
u. d. Saamen. Fliissigkeit wirbellos. Thiere, p. 41, 
af. II. fig. 17) has seen the spermatic particles of : 
a thread-like form, of Flustra carnosa, develop- 
ing in cells, and has seen them moving in the cav- 
ity of the body. Ihave seen similar ones in Crista~ 
tella mirabilis and Plumatella campanulata- 
Those which were: seen by Farre (Phil. Trans. 
1837, p. 403, pl. XXIII. fig. 5, g) in the cavity 
of the body of Valckeria cuscuta, and were re- 
garded by him as intestinal worms, have an ovab 
body, to which is attached a delicate tail. Mord- 
mann (Faune Pontique loc. cit.) has found those of 
Cellaria avicularia having the sameform. Those 
of Actinia have also a similar form (see ErdZ 
Miiller’s Arch. 1842, p. 301, and Kélliker, loc. 
cit. p. 44, fig. 13). One should be careful and not 
confound the spermatic particles with the nettling 
‘organs having a similar form; and especially as 
the development of these last has apparently some 
connection with that of the sexual organs (see 
Erdl \oc. cit. p. 305). According to Kélliker, the 
spermatic particles of Aleyonidium gelatinosune 
have a lanceolate body, with a hair-like tail (loc. 
cit. fig. 11). 
Spermatic particles of a cercaria-form have been 
observed by Wagner (Icon. zoot. Tab. XXXIV. 
fig. 7, 12) with Veretidlum and Hydra; ‘by Van 
Beneden (Rech. sur Vorganisat. d. Laguncula, 
and Rech. sur l’anat. d. Bryozoaires, pl. V. in the 
Nouy. Mém. de Bruxelles, &c. XVIII.), with La- 
guncula and Halodactylus ; by Rathké (Wieg- 
mann’s Arch. 1844, I. p. 161, Taf. V. fig. 6) and 
Steenstrup (Untersuch. tib. das Vorkommen d.. 
Hermaphrodit. p. 66, Taf. I. fig. 18, e) with 
Coryne ; finally by Kélliker (Nene Denkschr. 
VIII. p. 48, fig. 20, 21, 22, 24) with Pennaria, 
Eudendrium and Sertularia. In Crisia, on the 
other hand, Kélliker found the spermatic particles 
perfectly filiform. ¢ 
se. See Lectures on Comparative Embryology, 
1848; also Proceed. Amer. Assoc. for the Advance 
ment Sc. 1849 (“ On the Plan of Structure and Ho- 
mologies of Radiated Animals”), and Mem. Amer. 
Acad. loc. cit. p. 225.— Ep. 
+ [§ 46, note 2.] Ihave been able to trace the 
development and character of the spermatic par- 
ticles of many of the true Polyps and the Bryozoa. 
The development occurs in special daughter-cells, 
