$ 100. THE HELMINTHES. 103 
ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
The following are among the more important contributions to the Anat- 
omy of the Helminthes which have been published since the issue of the 
original work. I should mention, however, that I have not had very much 
access to recent German contributions in this department, from the tardi- 
ness with which such matters reach this country. However, I am happy 
in not being ignorant of the late publications of Siebold, who is truly at 
the head of Helminthology. 
Blanchard. Recherches sur organisation des Vers., in the Ann d. Se. 
Nat. VII. 1847, p. 87, VIIE. 1847, p. 119, 271, X. 1848, p. 321, XI. 
1849, p. 106, XII. 1849, p. 1. ‘ 
Van Beneden. Recherches sur l’organisation et le developpement des 
Linguatules (Pentastoma, Rud.), &c. in the Mém. de l’Acad. de Bruxelles, 
1848; also, in Ann. d. Sc. Nat. 1849, XI. p. 313. 
Note sur le developpement des Tétrarhynques, in the Bull. de l’Acad. de 
Belgique, XVI. 1849. 
‘Recherches sur les Vers Cestodes, in the Mém. de l’Acad. de Belgique, 
1850, XXV. 
Stebold. Ueber den Generationswechsel der Cestoden nebst einer Revi- 
sion der Gattung Tetrarhynchus, in Siebold and Kelliker’s Zeitsch, II. 
1850, p. 198. 
Ueber die Verwandlung des Cysticercus pisiformis in Taenia serrata 
Ibid. IV. p. 400. 
Ueber die Verwandlung der Nchinococcus-Brut in Taenien. 
IV. 18538, p. 409. 
See, also, various valuable though small contributions, in the form of 
letters to Siebold, in Siebold and Keolliker’s Zeitsch. IV. p. 52, 116, 451, 
454; as well as the references in my notes. — Ep. 
Ibid. 
CHAPTER I. 
CUTANEOUS SYSTEM. 
§ 100. 
The body of the Helminthes is generally surrounded by a firm skin, 
which may be separated into a thin epidermis, and a pretty hard dermis. 
The epidermis of the adults is never ciliated; but not unfrequently it has 
horny spines_pointing backwards, which sometimes are limited to the ante- 
rior part of the body, and sometimes spread over a large surface, in trans- 
versely serrated rows.” In the first case, the spines serve to attach them 
sum, scabrum, ferox, and perlatum (Ibid. Tab. 
X. and Nordmann, Micograph. Beitrage. Hft. I. 
Taf. IX.), and Pentastomum denticulatum (Die- 
1 In many Nematodes, Acanthocephali, and Tre- 
matodes, the epidermis is spinous like a rasp. 
These spines are simple in Liorhynchus dentic- 
ulatus, Lecanocephalus spinulosus (according 
to Diesing, Annalen des Wiener Museums, II. 
Abth. 2, 1839, Taf. XIV. fig. 14-20), Echinorhyn- 
chus pyriformis, and hystrix (Bremser, Icon. 
Helm.nt. Tab. VIL), Distomum lima, maculo- 
sing, loc. cit. I. Abth. 1, Taf. III. fig. 10-13). 
But they are polydenticulated in Cheiracanthus 
(Diesing, loc. cit. IL. Hft. 2, Taf. XIV. XVI. 
XVII.). 
