106 THE HELMINTHES. $ 108. 
bands are separated by the same number of longitudinal lines, the two nar- 
rowest of which are above and below; while the others, which are large 
and riband-like, are on the sides. 
In the Acanthocephali the transverse muscles are more superficial than the 
longitudinal, while in the Nematodes and Gordiacei the inverse is true.” 
§ 103. 
There are with the Helminthes a great variety of organs for tne move- 
ments of the body. With the Cystici, Cestodes, and the Trematodes, there 
are often sucking-cups and cavities; the first of these are more or less - 
alveolate, being formed of numerous layers of circular and radiated muscu- 
lar fibres,” while the second are only excavations in contractile paren- 
chyma of the body, and are divided into many chambers by septa, or have 
very variable lobular appendages.” Many of these suctorial organs have, 
—some at their bottom, others on their borders, hooks with a horny sup- 
port, by which these animals can firmly attach themselves to objects. 
5 Bojanus, Isis, 1821, p. 186, Taf. III. fig. 49, 
55, B. (Ascaris lumbricoides). 
6 In Acanthocephalus the transverse 
leading into the alimentary canals. It is only with 
Distomum, Amphist » Pol: » and 
other Tr sit- 
£ Oly 
des, that this sucker, which is 
intercommunicate with each other by short and nar- 
row anastomoses, and form a complete ring, which 
surrounds the longitudinal ones like a large girdle. 
See, in reference to this, Echinorhynchus gigas. 
In Echinorhynchus gibbosus these annular mus- 
cles have been found only above the swelling of the 
body. 
7 The transverse muscular bundles of the Nema- 
todes, which are not so closely united as the longi- 
tudinal ones, do not form closed rings, but produce 
four segments, which are separated from each other 
by the crossing over of the longitudinal muscles. 
At least, this is so in Ascaris lumbricotdes, Stron- 
gylus gigas, and most of the species of this order. 
Bojanus (Isis,1821, p. 187, Taf. III. fig. 51, 54) 
and Cloquet (Anat. des Vers intestin. p. 35, Pl. IL. 
fig. 3) have taken these transverse muscles for 
vessels ; and Diesing has made the same mistake 
with the ramified muscles of Cheiracanthus and 
Ancyracanthus (Ann. d. Wiener Museums II. 
Abth. 2, Taf. XVI. fig. 1, and Taf. XVIII. fig. 2). 
In Ascaris inflexa, and Filaria attenuata, I 
have seen the transverse muscles ramified in the 
Same manner. 
a peculiarity ; their more or less long fibres pass 
off from the longitudinal muscles at a right angle, 
and are inserted into one or the other of the two 
narrow longitudinal rays. In the Gordiacei, the 
longitudinal layer is not broken by any ray of this 
kind, but forms continuous tubes which have thin 
walls and a satin aspect, and where the flattened 
and riband-like fibres are bound together by their 
fees, and at the same time anastomose with each 
other. 
This would at least appear to be so, judging from 
the net-work with long meshes which is produced 
by a little traction. I have not found the trans- 
verse muscles in Gordius ; but in Mermis nigres- 
cens, there is, under the longitudinal 
In Ascaris spiculigera they have. 
uated in front, is perforated at its’ bottom, and 
serves also the function of mouth. 
The ventral sucker of Distomum, and that 
found at the posterior extremity of Amphistomum, 
and Polystomum, as well as the numerous analo- 
gous organs upon the back of Monostomum ver- 
rucosum, and upon the terminal dilatation of 
Aspidocotylus mutabilis (Diesing, Ann. d.Wiener 
Mus. II. Abth. 2, p. 234, Taf. XV.), are all im- 
perforate. That upon the posterior extremity of 
Amphistomum subclavutum, and unguiculatum, 
is remarkable ; it has a small duplicate at its bot- 
tom, which Diesing (loc. cit. I. Abth. 2, p. 254, 
Taf. XXIV.) has erroneously regarded as the 
opening of the genital organs. In Polystomum, 
six large muscles pass from the interior of the body, 
and are spread upon the convex surfaces of as 
many suckers, situated at the posterior extremity, 
and which they properly move during the animal’s 
creeping. 
2 Upon the head of Bothriocephalus, Tetra- 
rhynchus, and Anthocephalus, there are two to 
four simple cup-like fossae; with T'ristomum, 
Polystomum, and some other Trematodes, there 
are two on each side of the mouth, and with Azine, 
Octobothrium, and Dipl , there are two 
which are subcervical and behind the mouth. 
With Bothriocephalus tumidulus (Bremser 
Icon. Helminth. Tab. XIII. fig. 21, or Leuckart, 
Zool. Bruchstiicke. Hft. I. Taf. I. fig. 4, 5), there 
are four, which are divided into chambers by many 
septa; and with Aspidogaster (Baer, Nov. Act. 
Acad. Leop. Carol. Vol. XIII. pt. 2, Tab. X VIII.), 
the whole ventral disc is divided by septa into quad- 
rangular suctorial fossae. The head of Bothrio- 
cephalus auriculatus has a singular aspect, due to 
numerous partly crenulated lobes, which flank its 
four suckers (Bremser, loc. cit. Taf. XIII. fig. 17, 
layer, a net-work like the preceding, but with very 
large meshes. Dujardin appears to have observed 
it, but he regarded it as connected with the eggs 
of this worm (Ann. d. Sc. Nat. XVIII. 1842, PL. 
VI. fig. 13). 
1The young Echinococcus, the Coenurus, 
Cysticercus, and Taenia, have usually upon the 
cephalic extremity four imperforate cup-like cavi- 
ties, which can serve only as suckers. It must 
have been an oversight of Nitzsch (Ersch and 
Gruber’s Encyclopedie XII. 1824, p. 95), who 
regarded these in T'aenia as so many oral orifices 
19, and Leuckart, loc. cit. Taf. I. fig. 6-11). A 
very simple structure is found upon the head of 
Bothriocephalus tetrapterus, mihi (from the 
intestine of the seal); here the points of junction 
of the fossae are prolonged into four triangular 
lobes, by which the animal can adhere tightly to 
its object. Holostomum, which lives in the intes- 
tines of birds and mammals, has analogous appen- 
dages around the cavity which is situated at the 
anterior extremity, and which it fastens to the 
intestinal villosities ; see Nitzsch, in Ersch and 
Gruber’s Encyclop. IIT. p. 399, IX. 1822, fig. 1. 
8 This condition of things is found especially in 
