$ 117. 
THE HELMINTHES 
127 
rior portion of the body. It has a great variety of forms, and from its 
sheath arise two antagonistic muscles, which are inserted at its base.” The 
Spermatic particles, which are always motionless, have usually a cell-form, 
or, at least, are never filiform corpuscles. 
For aiding the union of the 
sexes during copulation, the males have lobular appendages, papillae. and 
suckers, situated about the genital opening. Without doubt, the spiral pos- 
terior extremity also of the animal, is often used for the same purpose. 
Moreover, in many instances, there is secreted a wax-like substance in- 
tended to fasten the two sexes together. 
6 According to Leblond (loc. cit. p. 20, Pl. III. 
fig. 1), both the male and female genital openings 
with Filaria papiliosa are quite near the oral ori- 
fice. Ihave been unable to confirm this observa- 
tion, at least with Fidaria attenuata, inflexo-cau- 
data, and another species found in the thoracic 
cavity of Sturnus vulgaris. 
7 With T'richocephaius, and Trichosoma, the 
penis is simple and very long, and, beside the mus- 
cular sheath, has another which is membranous, 
and sometimes covered with small spines pointing 
backwards. This sheath, being folded outwards 
when the penis is protruded, is comparable to a 
Praeputium ; see Mayer, Beitr. loc. cit. Taf. L., 
and Dujardin, Hist. d. Helm. Pl. L-I0. With 
nearly all the other Nematodes the penis is double. 
it is very long with Ascaris acuminata, brevi- 
caudata, depressa, spiculigera, and Strongylus 
paradovus ; but is very short with Ascaris ensi- 
caudata, semiteres, Cucullanus elegans, Fila- 
ria attenuata, inflezo-caudata, Spiroptera an- 
thuris, and Strongylus inflexus. With Spirop- 
tera, the two penises are of unequal length, and 
with Ascaris paucipara, brevicaudata,and Stron- 
gylus, there is an additional horny piece like a 
third penis. 
With most N , the penises are sul ‘5 
and those of Strongylus have a singular form due 
to the presence of numerous appendages. The two 
delicate, retractor muscles of this organ, arise from 
the internal surface of the cavity of the body, and 
when the penis is double there are two pairs. 
With Ascaris osculata, vestcularis, and spicu- 
digera, I have found these four muscles very long. 
See upon the penis of the Nematodes, Mayer, 
Beitr. Taf. I., and Dujardin, Hist. d. Helm. Pl. 
I-VI, 
8 For the spermatic particles of the Nematodes, 
see Bagge, Dissert. de Strongylo, &c., p. 12, 
fig. 27, 28: The development of these cell-like 
spermatic particles may be easily observed with 
Ascaris paucipara, where the parent-cells are 
very large. In the posterior end of the testicle the 
pani ted 
*[§ 117, note 8.] The statement here made that 
Reichert has observed the development of the 
spermatic particles of an Ascaris by fours in each 
cell, deserves from its histological relati 
According to my own observations,the histological 
formative conditions of the development of the 
spermatic particle are exactly analogous to those 
of the development of the embryo. The nucleus 
of the sperm-cell divides or segments like the vitel- 
lus of the ovum, and this process continues until 
the sperm-cell which has now attained a large size, 
is filled with numerous small nucleated cells 
<daughter-cells) ; and the nucleus of these last is 
changed into the spermatic particle. 
I think, therefore, that, invariably, the spermatic 
particle is only a metamorphosed nucleus of a 
nuclei with their nucleoli are first formed ; after- 
wards these nuclei are surrounded by*a finely- 
granular substance around which the cell-mem- 
brane is formed. 
In this state the testicle exactly resembles an 
ovary filled with germinative vesicles and eggs. 
Still later, the parent-cell membrane increases more 
and more. and the granular substance is found 
only upon the internal surface of the cell. During 
these ck , the which r a ger 
minative vesicle, is transformed into a long, solid, 
and neatly-circumscribed corpuscle. With Stron- 
gulus auricularis, the spermatozoal {daughter ?] 
cells are pyriform ; and with Oxyuris ambigua 
their form is similar (Kéldiker, loc. cit. p. 73, Taf. 
VII. fig. 26). 
It is very probable that Mayer’s assertion (Neue 
Untersuch. aus dem Gebiete der Anat. u. Physiol. 
1842, p. 9) that he had seen thread-like spermatic 
particles with Oxvyuris vermicularis, has led 
Kolliker to regard these pyriform cells as so many 
bundles of filamentoid spermatic particles. But 
never have I seen filaments of this kind in the Ne- 
matodes. 
The pyriform spermatic particles of Strongylus 
auricularis, which have a short peduncle, as well 
as the round, cell-like, and nucleated ones of As- 
caris acuminata, have been figured by Reichert 
(Beitr. zur Entwickel. der Saamenkérp. bei den 
Nematoden). This same naturalist has shown that 
these spermatic particles arise hy endogenous gen- 
eration, by fours in each cell; see Miller’s Arch. 
1847, p. 88, Taf. VI.* 
9 The large caudal valve of the male Strongylus, 
and the spiral tail of the male Spiroptera, may be 
here instanced. With very many male Ascaris, 
there are two rows of papillae upon the sides of the 
genital opening, and with Ascaris vesicularis, 
and inflera, I have found a copulatory sucker 
directly in front of this opening. The male of 
Hedruris androphora winds himself about the 
female during copulation, and the caudal valve of 
the male Strongylus trachealis glues itself s0 
daughter-cell (see my Memoir, The Origin, De- 
velopment, and Nature of the Spermatic Particles 
in the four classes of Vertebrata, in the Mem. 
Amer. Acad. of Arts and Sc. V. 1853). The view 
of Reichert, therefore, that- four spermatic parti- 
cles are here formed in one cell, does not appear to 
me admissible, although I have no observations 
upon the instance in question. It appears to me 
explicable in this way: the nucleus of the parent 
sperm-cell underwent here only a second segment- 
ation, thereby only four daughter-cells being pro- 
duced. The nucleus of each of these became a 
spermatic particle, and these four particles passed 
into the cavity of the parent-cell. Reichert there- 
fore, probably saw four spermatic particles in a 
parent and not in a daughter cell. — Ep. 
