286 THE CEPHALOPODA. $ 250. 
thelium. It begins behind the pharynx by a straight, long, very narrow 
cesophagus, whose internal surface is longitudinally plicated. After leaving 
the annular opening of the cephalic cartilage, it enters the peritoneal cavity, 
which is highly developed and divided by constrictions into several cham- 
bers. With the Loligina, the cesophagus is of uniform calibre throughout 
to the stomach ; but with the Octopoda, it is abruptly dilated, upon leav- 
ing the cephalic cartilage, into a kind of crop, which extends to the stom- 
ach.? With Nautilus, also, it is dilated, but gradually, into a very large 
crop, which communicates with the stomach by a narrow, short canal. 
The Stomach invariably consists of a sac lined with a very solid epi- 
thelium, which is plicated longitudinally; the Cardia and Pylorus are 
situated close to each other at its upper portion.” As soon as the intes- 
tine has left the pylorus, it forms a Caecum which has glandular, plicated 
walls, and, with many genera, is more or less elongated and spirally 
convoluted. The rest of the intestine is short, rarely flexuous, and ex- 
tends from the peritoneal sac to the base of the funnel, where it termi- 
nates in a smal} anal prolongation, the borders of which are often fringed ; 
sometimes it has two lateral tongue-shaped valves, placed opposite each 
other, and by which the anal opening can be closed.” 
§ 250. 
The Salivary organs of the Cephalopoda are highly developed, and 
consist of a superior and an inferior pair, the former of which is some- 
times, but the latter very rarely, wanting. The superior pair consists of 
two glandular lobes situated at the posterior extremity of the pharynx, 
which open by short excretory ducts behind the root of the tongue. 
The inferior pair lies on each side of the cesophagus at the upper portion 
of the peritoneal sac, directly behind the cephalic cartilage. These 
organs, usually of a dull-white color, are composed of numerous inter- 
1 Sepia, Loligo, Onychoteuthis, Loligopsis, 
Sepiola, &c. 
2 Cuvier, Mém, Pl. IV. fig. 1, 2,b.; Wagner, 
Icon. zoot. Tab. XXIX. fig. 14 (Octopus); Van 
Beneden, loc. cit. Pl. III. fig. 3, d. (dArgonauta) ; 
Férussac, loc. cit. Octopus, Pl. XIII. fig. 9, 10, 
Argonauta,:Pl. I. fig. 1,2; and Delle Chiaje, 
Descriz. Tav. XY. fig. 3 (Tremoctopus). 
3 Owen, On the Nautilus, Pl. IV. or Isis, Taf. 
III., or Ann. d. Sc. Nat. Pl. IT. fig. 1. 
4 See the figures in Cuvier, Brandt, Férussac, 
Owen, &c. The stomach of Octopus and Eledone, 
from its muscular walls, and its almost horny 
epithelium, resembles very much the gizzard of 
birds. 
5 This caecum, regarded as a second stomach by 
many zootomists, corresponds, probably, to the py- 
loric appendages of fishes. With Nautilus, it is 
a round sac, the internal surface of which has 
longitudinal folds, so that its cavity has a lamel- 
lated appearance (Owen, On the Nautilus, p. 25, 
Pi. IV. y. and Pl. VIII. fig. 8, f, or Isis, Taf. IL. 
JIL, or Ann. d. Sc. Nat. Pl. II. fig. 1, y. Pl. IV. 
fig. 8, f.). With Loligepsis, and Sepiola, this 
round sac is lined internally with spiral folds 
(Grant, Transact. loc. cit. p. 25, Pl. IL. fig. 7, g. 
and p. 81, P}. XI. fig. 7, 8, c.). With Sepia, and 
various Octopoda, it is oblong, and lined internally 
with transverse spiral folds supported by a kind 
of mesentery ;—see Van Beneden, loc. cit. Pl. 
TIL. (Argonauta) ; Delle Chiaje, Descriz. Tav. 
XIII. XV. XV. ILL. (Tremoctopus. Sepia: and 
Loligo); Cuvier, Mém. Pl. IV. fig. 1, 2, f.: Page: 
ner, loc. cit. fig. 14, f. (Octopus) ; Home, Lect. on 
Comp. Anat. Pl. LXXXIII. (Loligo sagittata) 5 
and Irérussac, loc. cit. But, in this respect, Lolige 
vulgaris forms an exception; its caecum is 
straight, oblong, and its thin walls are without in- 
ternal plicae; see Meckel, Syst. d. vergleich. 
Anat. IV. p. 199, and Delle Chiaje, Descriz, &c. 
Tay. XVI. fig. 5, s. 
6 The intestine is straight with Argonauta, 
Loligo, Sepia, Sepiola, and other Loligina ; but 
it is flexuous with Octopus, Eledone, and Nau- 
tilus. 
7 Owen (Transact. of the Zool. Soc. II. Pk X XI. 
fig. 16) has found two lateral valves projecting into 
the anal cavity with Sepioteuthis. I have seen 
two similar with a T'remoctopus. Rathké (Mém. 
de St. Pétersburg, loc. cit. p. 160 Pl. II.) has 
found them replaced, with Loligopsis, by two 
tentaculiform prolongations. 
1 Cuvier, Mém. p. 27, Pl. IIL. fig. 3, e. (Octo- 
pus) ; Rerusiaes loc. cit. Octopus, Pl. XIL fig. 6, 
n. Pl. L. fig. 9,n.; Owen, Cyclop. I. p. 532, 
fig. are 4 (Onychoteuthis). With Nautilus, 
Owen found no lower, and only the traces of the 
upper glands (On the Nautilus, p. 23, Pl. VIII. fig. 
7, g-, or Isis, p. 20, Taf. If., or Ann. d. Sc. Nat. p. 
114, Pl. IV. fig. 7, g.). 
