§ 250. THE CEPHALOPODA. 287 
anastomosing glandular tubes, forming, sometimes, several lobes, and 
sometimes, a single triangular mass with a smooth exterior. 
In their passage in front, the two excretory ducts converge and form, 
under the cesophagus, a common canal which traverses the pharynx and 
terminates in the mouth near the root of the tongue.” 
The Liver is generally of a reddish-yellow color, and is rarely lobulated. 
Usualiy, it is a compact glandular mass capsulated by a fold of the peri- 
toneum.® With the Octopoda, it is a large, smooth, ovoid gland, while 
with the other Cephalopoda, with a few exceptions,® it is divided into two 
‘or four portions symmetrically surrounding the cesophagus.” The bile, 
when this organ is single or double, is excreted by two ducts arising from 
the inferior extremity of the organ; but when this organ is quadruple, as 
with Nautilus, and Loligopsis, each division has a special excretory duct, 
and all these ducts soon unite into a common Ductus choledochus, which, 
after a short course, opens upon the sides of the coecum.” 
As a Pancreatic gland may, certainly, with reason, be regarded the 
pale-yellow, short, ramified glandular tubes, which, with many species, are 
appended to the hepatic ducts with which they communicate by many 
orifices. ® 
2 For the intimate structure of these glands which 
appear to be wanting with Nautilus, and Loli- 
gopsis, see J. Miller, De Gland. struct. p. 54, 
Tab. V. fig. 9. They are lobulated with Loligo, 
‘and consist only of a small compact body with 
Octopus, Eledone, Sepia, &c 5 see Cuvier, Mém. 
PL ILI. fig. 2,3 ; Wagner, Icon. zoot. Tab. XXIX. 
fig. 14, k.; Brandt, loc. cit. Taf. XXXII. fig. 3, 5; 
F'érussac, loc cit. Octopus, Pl. XI. XIII. Their 
surface is granulated with Sepiela, according to 
Delie Chiaje, Descriz. Tav. XXVI. fig. 14, L., 
and Grant, Trans. &c. Pl. XI. fig. 8, g. 
3 For the intimate structure of the liver, see 
Miller, De Gland. struct. p. 71 (Octopus), and 
Rathkeé, loc. cit. p. 137 (Loligopsis). 
4 See Cuvier, Wagner, and Férussac, loc. cit. 
5 With Onychoteuthis Banksti, the liver is a 
single, very oblong mass ; see Owen, in the Cy- 
-elop. I. p. 537. 
6 With Nautilus, the liver is divided into four 
large portions, each composed of numerous lobes 
embracing on each side the crop-like vesophagus ; 
see Owen, On the Nautilus, p. 26, Pl. IV. z., or 
Asis, p. 22, Taf. III., or Ann. d. Sc. Nat. p. 117, 
Pl. Il. fig. 1.2. With Loligopsis guttata, the 
‘four hepatic divisions are, according to Grant 
(Trans. &e. p. 25, Pl. IT. fig. 4, e. and 7, a.), deeply 
concealed in the cavity of the body ; while with 
Loligo Eschscholtizii, and dubia, it is a single 
mass, according to Rathké (Mém. de St. Pétersb. 
loc. cit. p. 137, 170. PI. IL.). With Sepia, Loligo, 
Sepiola, &c., this organ is divided into long halves, 
smooth externally, and extending from the neck 
along the dorsal median line, their length depend- 
ing on that of the animal ; see Brande, loc. cit. Taf 
XXXII, fig. 3, p. (Sepia), and Grant, loc. cit. Pl 
XI. fig. 7, 8.f. (Sepicla). 
7 See Cuvier, Mém. p. 30, Pl. IV. fig. 2, 4, n. 
n.; Férussac, loc. cit. Octopus, Pl. XIV. fig. 5, 6, 
Argonauta, Pl. I5. fig. 2,d.; Owen, On the Nau- 
tilus, Pl. VIII. fig. 8, h., or Isis, Taf. II., or Ann. 
-d. Sc. Nat. Pl. IV. fig. 8 h.; and Grant, Trans. 
of the Zool. Soc. I. Pl. If. fig. 7, b. Pl. XI. fig. 7, 
g. (Loligopsis and Sepiola). 
8 This structure and arrangement of the glandu- 
lar append of the hep ducts which were 
noticed and regarded as a pancreas by Hunter 
(The Catal. of the Physiol Ser. I. p. 229, No. 775) 
with Sepia, remind one very much of what is found 
in fishes, where, according . to Stannius’ inves- 
tigations, the pyloric appendages communicate 
with the Ductus choledochus (see Brockmann 
(Stannius) De Pancreate piscium, Diss. Rostoch. 
1846).* According to Delle Chiaje (Descriz. I. 
p. 32, Tav. XIII. XVIII.), these bodies exist not 
only with Octopus, Eledone, Tremoctopus, and 
Argonauta, but also with Sepia, Loligo, and Se- 
piola. Grant (The Edinb. Philos. Jour. XIII. 
1825, p. 197) has described them .with Loligo sa- 
gitta, and Owen sought in vain for them with 
Nautilus, but found them highly developed with 
Sepiola, Onychoteuthis, Sepioteuthis, and Ros- 
sia (Cyclop. I. p. 534). ' See also Grant, I. Trans. 
of the Zool. Soc. I. Pl. IL. fig. 7, ¢., Pl. XI. fig. 7, 
8, 13 (Loligopsis and Sepiola). 
In the species of Loligopsis examined by 
Rathké (loc. cit. p. 160, Pl. II.) the Ductus chole- 
dochus was dilated into a round sinus at the point 
where the pancreatic tubes opened into it. 
* Note, These recent researches modify essentially what 
Stannius has said in the second volume of his work, upon 
the Appendices Pulericas and the Pancreas of fishes,— 
org? not in the least identical. 
ry 
