394 THE ARACHNOIDAE. $ 319. 
Tif. Male Arachnoidae. 
§ 319. 
From the few observations hitherto made upon the male organs of the 
Acarina, it appears that they are formed after very different types. With 
Trombidium, there are twenty red, testicular vesicles, attached by short 
peduncles to the annular Vas deferens which opens between the posterior: 
legs. This layt, before its termination, receives also two brown, long- 
pedunculated vesicles, whose nature is yet unknown.” 
With Ixodes, the testicles consist of a group of four to five pairs of 
longer or shorter follicles, which unite in the middle of the abdomen, and 
send off two small Vasa deferentia to the base of the chin-like process. 
This last, together with the cheliceres, these animals introduce deep into. 
the vagina during copulation, while their two palpi, separated at a right 
angle, are applied upon the thorax of the female.” With Gamasus, there 
appear to be only two simple, isolated, testicular follicles, each having a 
deferent canal. With many Acarina, there is a short penis situated at a 
point corresponding to that of the vulva of the females, and sometimes 
concealed within the body.© With other Acarina, the males are distin- 
guishable from the females, by the larger size of their cheliceres, and some 
of the legs which serve to retain the females during copulation. 
With the Phalangidae, the testicles consist of numerous small caeca, all 
united at one point into a long, flexuous deferent canal. This last is con- 
tinuous into a Ductus ejaculatorius which traverses a muscular penis; this 
terminates with a hook-like gland, and its body is horny and surrounded by 
a muscular sheath out of which it can be protruded under the thorax. 
With many Opilionina, the posterior legs have remarkable spines and 
excrescences which, undoubtedly, are used during copulation. 
With the Araneae, the testicles consist of two long, simple, interlaced 
caeca, concealed between the hepatic lobes. From them pass off two 
Taf. VIT. fig. 18-20); Treviranus (Bau. d. 
Arachn. p, 12, Taf. I. fig. 12); and Muller (loc. cit. 
p. 53 Taf. II. fig. 14-19). This last naturalist has 
found, with the large African scorpions, eggs in the 
lateral long, varicose and caecal appendages of the 
ovaries. These appendages do not increase in size 
except in proportion as the eggs are developed 5 
while, with the small European scorpion, the eggs 
produce only simple pyriform folds on the ova- 
rian tubes. I have found sperm and very active 
spermatic particles in the seminal receptacles of 
living females of Scorpio europaeus. 
1T have proved this complicated disposition of 
the male organs with Trombidium holosericeum, 
where it had been wholly mise pprehendedl by 
Bete enue (Verm. Schrift. I. p. 48, Taf. VI. fig. 
2 This singular mode of coition had already been 
observed by Degeer (loc. cit. p. 45, Taf. VI. fig. 
6) with Izodes ricinus, and subsequently by Ph. 
W. J. Miller (Germar’s Magaz. d. Entomol. IT: 
1817, p. 281); but it remained wholly unobserved 
by the other entomologists. It appears that the 
male of Ixodes ricinus, which differs considerably 
from the female, has been mistaken for a different 
species and named Ixodes reduvius (Audouin, 
loc. cit. XXV. p. 422, Pl. XIV. fig. 4), or Izodes 
marginalis (Hahn, Die Arachn. II. p. 63, fig. 
163). The characters peculiar to this sex are, a 
dorsal shield covering the whole body, palpi shorter, 
and teeth less numerous upon the also shorter chin 
like process. 
8 The penis is sub-ventral with Bdella, sub-tho- 
racic with Gamasus, and behind the genital orifice 
with Oribates. With Arrenurus, it is inserted 
on a tuberosity of the abdomen, giving the males a 
very singular appearance (Duges, loc. cit. I. p. 
155, Pl. X. fig. 20). 
4 With the males of certain species of Gamasus. 
the two cheliceres are perforated, and the iseond. 
pair of legs is very stout and provided with spines 
and excr With Dermaleichus, it is the’ 
third pair of these organs which is sometimes very 
large and armed with robust nails. With Sarcop- 
tes, the posterior legs are long and armed with 
nails and discs, while ‘with the females these same 
legs are abortive. 
6 Treviranus, Verm. Schrift. I. p. 36, Taf. IV. 
oe. aL 22; and T'ulk, lov. cit. p. 250, Pl. IV. fig. 
6 With Eusarcus, Gonyleptes, ke. The very 
large cheliceres of the Phalangidae are not used in. 
the act itself of copulation, but are employed to 
fight with on these jealous occasions ; see Latreiile, 
Hist. Nat. d. Fourmis, p. 380. 
7 For the testicles of the Araneae, see Trevira- 
nus, Bau d. Arachn. p. 37, Taf IV. fig. 33, and 
Brandt, Mediz, Zool. cae 89, Taf XV. fig. 7. 
