420 THE INSECTA. § 887. 
is, attached to the under lip, a peculiar prehensile organ which covers, like 
a mask, the masticatory organs, and, by means of a double articulation, can 
be let down and then returned with the utmost quickness. During this. 
manceuvre, the prey is seized by two acute hooks inserted on the anterior 
border of this lip, and carried to the mouth. 
The parts of the mouth of the Insecta may be divided into Masticatory 
and Suctorial organs, between which, however, there are many intermediate 
forms. The second are, properly speaking, modifications of the first, and 
for this reason, the last should be described first; the special details of 
these organs, however, belong to the domain of Zoology. 
These masticatory organs © consist of a pair of Mandibles and a pair of 
Maxillae, which move laterally and are more or less covered by an upper 
(Labrum), and an under (Labiwm) lip. The upper jaws (Mandibulae) 
exceed in hardness all the other parts of the masticatory apparatus, and 
consist of two simple, horny organs, often denticulated at their extremity. 
The under jaws (Mazillue) are, usually, softer, and composed of several 
pieces, — of which the most essential are: Palpi mazillares, composed of 
- from one to six articles, and directed outwards; and the stipule, usually 
denticulated or ciliated, and divided into a Lobus externus and internus.. The 
under lip, which supports two Palpi ladiales composed of from one to four 
articles, may thus be considered as another pair of maxillae the lateral 
halves of which are more or less fused together on the median line. 
Such are the oral organs with the Coleoptera, the Neuroptera, and the 
Orthoptera. It is interesting to remark that the Orthoptera, in the widest. 
acceptation of the term, have in common, this character, that their under 
lip is divided by a deep fissure into lateral- halves, while that of the Neu- 
roptera and Coleoptera consists of a single piece. 
At the base of the under lip is attached the tongue, which, either fleshy 
or horny, is single or cleft. Often it is completely abortive, but in other 
cases, on the contrary, it is very long and changed into a suctorial organ. 
This last form is most prominent with the Hymenoptera, where the two 
jaws have, at the same time, ceased to be masticatory organs, and form a 
sheath enveloping the tongue and labial palpi. 
The oral parts are changed into suctorial organs with the Diptera, 
Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera. The first have a Proboscis, formed by the under 
lip transformed into a suctorial tube (Theca) which is often geniculate. 
At its base are from four to six bristles which may be regarded, some as 
maxillae and mandibles, and others as representing the tongue.” With 
2 See Roesel, Insektenbelustigungen, II. Insec- 
torum aquatil. Classis Il. p. 12, Taf. ITT. IX., and 
Suckow, in Heusinger’s Zeitsch. d. organ. Physik. 
II. Taf. I. 
8 Beside the so often cited writings of Straus, 
Kirby and Spence, Brandt and Ratzeburg, Bur- 
meister, Lacordaire, Newport, and Westwood, 
see Savigny, Mém. sur les anim. sans vertébres, I. 
p- 1, Pl. I.-IV.; also, Isis, 1818, p. 1405, Taf. XVIIL. 
Nees von Esenbeck, Isis, 1818, p. 1386, and 
Suckow, in Heusinger’s Zeitsch. &c. III. Taf. I.-IX. 
4 This opinion, before advanced by Oken, Savig- 
ny, and Leach, has been sustained with very many 
details by Brudié (Ann. d. Sc. Nat. IT. 1844, p. 324). 
5 On account of these modifications of the under 
lip, to which Erichson (Entomograph. Hft. 1, p. 
6, and in Germar’s Zeitsch. I. p. 150, Taf. II.) has 
especially called the attention, we can distinguish, 
in their perfect state, the hemimetabolic from the 
holometabolic Neuroptera. This justifies the sepa 
ration we have made of the first whose pupae take 
food and are active, from the second whose pupae 
are inactive and donot eat. We have placed these: 
last among the Orthoptera, because, like them, they 
have in all their states a bifid under lip. ‘The dif- 
ferences between the under lip of the Orthoptera 
and that of the Neuroptera are well shown in Savig- 
ny’s excellent figures of the buccal organs of these 
insects (Descript. d. PEgypte, Orthoptéres, Pl. I.- 
VII. and Neuropteéres, Pl. L.-III. 
8 See Swammerdamm, Bib. der Nat. Taf. X VIL 
fig. 5; Treviranus, Verm. Schrift. II. Hft. 2, p. 
112, Taf. XII.-XIV.; Brandt and Ratzeburg, 
Mediz. Zool. II. Taf. XXV. fig. 8-16; Newport, 
Cyclop. loc. cit. p. 897, fig. 375, 376 ; but especially 
Savigny, Descript. de Egypte, Hymenopteres, Pl. 
7 See Savigny, Mém. sur les anim. sans verte. 
