§ 3387. THE INSECTA. 421 
the Hemiptera, the suctorial apparatus is lengthened into a Rostrum, by 
the under lip being changed into two quadri-articulate grooves united so 
as to form a tube, and enclosing the setiform mandibles and maxillae.® 
With the Lepidoptera, the changes are still greater, for the mandibles are 
only very small appendages, while the maxillae are transformed, each, into a 
semi-canal which can be rolled up spirally, and when united form an organ 
of suction (Lingua spiralis). At the base of this last are two very short 
maxillary palpi, bi- or tri-articulate, while the two tri-articulate and very 
hairy labial palpi consist of two pretty large appendages between which the 
suctorial tube retreats when rolled up.” _ 
The buccal organs begin to atrophy with the Aptera. The four palpi 
present with the Lepismidae, are already wanting with the Poduridae ;“™ 
and with the Nirmidae, they, as well as the maxillae, are very small, while 
the mandibles are quite large. 
With the Pediculidae, there are still wider modifications; for here there 
is a protractile suctorial tube composed of four stiff bristles (rudimentary 
jaws) which are enclosed in a soft and equally protractile sheath (under 
lip.) 4» 
Pith the Larvae of Insecta, the buccal organs are most usually masti- 
eatory ; for, not only the larvae of the Coleoptera, the Orthoptera, and many 
of the Neuroptera and Hymenoptera, have the same organs of this kind (mas- 
ticatory) as the perfect insects,™ but also the larvae of the suctorial Lepidop- 
tera,“) and those with a distinct head of certain Diptera “ with which, how- 
ever, the maxillae and palpi are very frequently wanting.“ But with the 
acephalous larvae of Diptera, those of the Strepsiptera, as also with the. 
parasitic ones of some Hymenoptera, the mouth is formed rather for suck- 
ing than for masticating the food ; for, on the inner side of the soft tumid. 
lips, either the horny organs are wholly wanting,” or the mouth is armed 
with two parallel hooks, which are used partly to grapple and partly to 
puncture the bodies these animals attack.” 
‘bres, I. Pl. IV. fig. 1, and Newport, Cyclopaed. 
loc. cit. fig. 379-381.* 
8 Savigny, Mém. &c, I. Pl. IV. fig. 2, 35 
Ratzeburg, Mediz. Zool. II. Taf. XXVII.; and 
Burmeister, Handb. &c. II. Taf. I. 
9 This suctorial tube is pretty long with the Papi- 
lionidae and the Sphingidae ; it is very short with 
many Bombycidae and Pyralidae ; see Savigny, 
Mém. &c. I. p. 1, Pl. L-IIL.; Ratzeburg, Die 
Forstinsekt. IL. p. 2, Taf. I.; and Newport, 
Cyclopaed. loc. cit. p. 900, fig. 377, 378. 
10 Nicolet, Recherch. p. 34, Pl. IV. 
ll Burmeister, Linnaea entomologica. IT. p. 569, 
Tab. I. 
12See Ratzeburg, Die Forstinsekt. I. III. ; 
Hartig, Die Aderfliiger Deutschlands, Taf. I~ 
VIII.; Burmeister, Trans. Entom. Soc. I, Pl. 
XXIII. XXIV. (Calosoma), and Naturgesch. d. 
Calandra, fig. 10-12 ; Waterhouse, Trans. entom. 
Soc. I. Pl. IIL-V. (Rhaphidia, and various Coleop- 
Lyonet, Traité, &c., Pl. IL. ; and Ratzeburs, 
Die Forstinsekt. If. Taf. I. 
* (§ 887, note 7.] See in this connection the me- 
moir of Blanchard (De la C de la bouch 
dans les Insectes de ordre des Dipteres, in the 
Mompt. rend. 1850, XXXI. p. 424), who shows that 
36 
14Such are the larvae of Culex, Chironomus, 
Corethra and Simulia, and many other .of the 
aquatic Tipulariae. 
15 In the larvae of Sciara, Mycetophila, Scio~« 
phila, Ceroplatus, &c., which live in rotten wood 
or in fungi; see Z. Dufour, Ann. d. Sc. Nat, XI. 
1839, p. 204, Pl. V. fig. 28, XII. p. 10. 
16 ‘The mouth of the apodal larvae of the Strep- 
siptera (see my researches in Wiegmann’s Arch. 
. 1843, I. p. 159, Taf. VII. fig. 14), and of the young. 
larvae of Microgaster (Ratzeburg, Die Iclineu- 
mon. d. Forstinsekt. p. 13, Taf. IX.) has, in place 
ofjaws, soft papillae which, as these larvae ap= 
proach the end of their development, are changed 
into horny jaws by means of which these Insecta 
make a passage into the skin of the animals in 
which they live. 
17 With the Muscidae, Qestridae, Syrphidae, ‘and 
other Diptera; see Swammerdamm, Bib. der 
Nat. Taf. XLIII. fig. 5, and LZ. Dufour, Ann. d. 
Sc. Nat. I. 1844, p. 372, Pl. XVI. fig. 8, 10, XII. 
1839, p. 4, Pl. IL. I. 
the mouth of the Diptera presents appendages 
wholly comparable to those of the other Insecta, | 
except that these appendages are modified in a 
special manner. — Ep. 
