$ 338. THE INSECTA. 495 
The predatory Panorpidae, which are rapacious, differ notably from the’ 
other Neuroptera, and resemble rather the preceding order. Their cesoph- 
agus is short and straight, and, in the thorax, is succeeded by a spherical 
muscular gizzard which is lined internally with a brown chitinous membrane 
covered with stiff hairs. The stomach is tubular and straight; the ileum 
makes two convolutions before passing into the long colon.“ With the 
other Neuroptera, namely, the Myrmeleonidae, Hemerobidae, Sialidae, and 
Phryganidae, the cesophagus is long, and dilated, posteriorly, into a kind of 
pouch; and often there is a long, thin-walled, sucking stomach inserted on 
one of its sides. The proper stomach is of a median length, and is more 
or less transversely constricted.“ The two other portions of the digestive 
canal are very small and straight. 
The Hymenoptera, which often sip up their fluid flood, have a long wsoph- 
agus which dilates into a thin-walled, sucking stomach.“ With the 
Vespidae, Apidae, and Andrenidae, this stomach is often only a lateral 
fold of the cesophagus, and with many Crabonidae, it is attached solely by 
short and narrow peduncle.*) Many species of this order have a rudi- 
mentary, callous gizzard, enveloped by the base of the stomach. In the 
genera Formica, Cynips, Leucospis and Xyphidria, it is very apparent, 
and consists of a globular, uncurved organ. Those Hymenoptera which are 
engaged during a long and active life in labors for the raising and sup- 
port of their young, have a pretty long and flexuous stomach and intestine, 
and the first has, usually, many constrictions. The Cynipidae, Ichneu- 
monidae, and Tenthredinidae, which, after copulation and the deposition of 
their eggs, take no further care in the act of reproduction, have only a very 
short small stomach and intestine. 
But the modifications of each of the various portions of the digestive 
tubes are most prominent with the sucking Insecta, especially with the 
Hemiptera.” The cesophagus of these last is usually short and small, 
while the stomach is generally very long, and describes many convolutions 
in the abdominal cavity. This stomach, as to form and structure, may be 
divided into two or three distinctly-defined portions. The first consists of 
# glandular ante-stomach which is straight, large, and divided by several 
constrictions. The second has the form of a long, flexuous canal, whose 
walls are glandular, and which dilates, at its posterior extremity, into an 
oval pouch. With the Cicadidae, it forms a kind of loop, its posterior 
extremity being attached to the ante-stomach with Tettigonia, Cercopis, and 
18 Ramdohr, Abhandl. &c. p. 150, Taf. XXVI. 
21 With Chrysis, and Hedychrum, this sucking 
dig. 1, and LZ. Dufour, Recherch. ke. p. 582, Pl. 
stomach consists of two lateral caeca situated at the 
XI. fig. 169. _ 
19 Ramdohr, Abhandl, &c. Taf. XVI. fig. 2, Taf. 
XVIL. fig. 2, 6; Z. Dufour, Recherch. &c. Pl. 
XII. XIII. ; and Pictet, Recherch. pour servir a& 
hist. et a Vanat. des Phryganides. 
The Myrmeleonidae and H , alone, 
have a spherical callous gizzard situated between 
the stomach and oesophagus. 
20 See Swammerdumm,. Bib. der Nat. Taf. 
XVIII. fig. 15. Treviranus, Verm. Schrift. If. 
Taf. XIV. XVI. ; Brandt and Ratzeburg, Mediz. 
Zool. Il. Taf. XXV. fig. 29; Ramdohr, loc. cit. 
Taf. XII.-XIV. ; Suckow, loc. cit. ILI. Taf. VI. 
VII. VII. ; finally, L. Dufour, Recherch. &c. p. 
389, Pl. V.-X. 
hia 
* [ § 338, note 23.] For the digestive appara- 
tus with all its details of Belostoma, see Leidy, 
36* 
lower end of the cesophagus; see Suckow, loc.: 
cit. IIT. Taf. IX. fig. 155, and ZL. Dufour, loc. cit. 
Pl. IX. fig. 118, 116. 
_ 22The Apidae, Andrenidae, Vespidae, and Lar- 
ridae. 
2% For the digestive app of the Hemiptera, 
see Ramdohr, Abhandl. &c. Taf. XXII. XXIII. ; 
Suckow, loc. cit. ILI. Taf, VII. VIII.; ZL. Du- 
four, Recherch, sur les Hémipteres. p. 20, Pl. I.— 
1X. * 
ry Notonecta, Naucoris, Velia, Lygaeus, Co- 
reus, Pyrrhocoris, Pentatoma, Tetyra, Syre- 
mastes, &c. 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. I. 1847, p. 62. — Ep. 
